(Latin: “I think, therefore I am”), dictum coined in 1637 by René Descartes (Descartes, René) as a first step in demonstrating the attainability of certain knowledge. It is the only statement to survive the test of his methodic doubt (q.v.). The statement is indubitable, Descartes argued, because even if an all-powerful demon were to try to deceive me into thinking that I exist when I do not, I would have to exist for the demon to deceive me. Therefore, whenever I think, I exist. Furthermore, he argued, the statement “I am” (sum) expresses an immediate intuition, not the conclusion of dubious reasoning, and is thus indubitable. Whatever I know, I know intuitively that I am.