various meetings between representatives of some or all of the independent states of the Western Hemisphere (Canada usually excluded). Between 1826 and 1889, several meetings between American states were held to discuss problems of common defense and juridical matters. The First International Conference of American States (1889–90), which was held largely as the result of the efforts of U.S. Secretary of State James G. Blaine, established the International Union of American Republics (later called the Pan-American Union), with its headquarters in Washington, D.C. Subsequent conferences dealt with such matters of common concern as arbitration of financial and territorial claims, extradition of criminals, codification of international law, copyrights, patents and trademarks, and the status of aliens and diplomatic personnel. The Inter-American Conference for the Maintenance of Peace, held in 1936 at the request of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, at Buenos Aires, adopted a draft treaty for the peaceful resolution of conflicts between American states; conferences held in 1938 (at Lima), 1945 (at Chapultepec in Mexico City), and 1947 (at Quitandinha, near Petrópolis, Brazil) considered the problems of hemispheric defense, reciprocal assistance, and solidarity. The Ninth International Conference of American States, at Bogotá (1948), which was led by the United States, reconstituted the Pan-American organization as the Organization of American States (OAS). See also American States, Organization of.