younger brother of Louis-Armand I de Bourbon.

Naturally possessed of great ability, he received an excellent education and was distinguished for both the independence of his mind and the popularity of his manners. On this account he was not received with favour by Louis XIV; (Louis XIV) so in 1683 he assisted the Imperialists in Hungary, and while there he wrote some letters in which he referred to Louis as le roi du théâtre (“the theatre king”), for which on his return to France he was temporarily banished to Chantilly. Conti was a favourite of his uncle, the Great Condé, whose granddaughter Marie-Thérèse de Bourbon (1666–1732) he married in 1688. In 1689 he accompanied his intimate friend Marshal Luxembourg to the Netherlands and shared in the French victories at Fleurus, Steinkirk, and Neerwinden. On the death of his cousin, Jean-Louis-Charles, duc de Longueville, Conti, in accordance with his cousin's will, claimed the principality of Neuchâtel against Marie, duchesse de Nemours, a sister of the Duke. He failed to obtain military assistance from the Swiss and, by the King's command, yielded the disputed territory to Marie, although the courts of law had decided in his favour.

The King's dislike was exacerbated as the well-informed, deliberately charming, and sexually ambivalent Conti won prestige at court and ingratiated himself with the Dauphin. To get rid of him, the King sponsored his candidature for the Polish crown, and Conti was elected king of Poland on June 27, 1697. Conti started rather unwillingly for his new kingdom, probably, as Saint-Simon remarks, owing to his affection for Françoise, wife of Philippe II, duc d'Orléans, and daughter of Louis XIV and Mme de Montespan. When he reached Danzig and found his rival Augustus II, elector of Saxony, already in possession of the Polish crown, he returned to France, where he was graciously received by Louis, although Saint-Simon says the King was vexed to see him again. But the misfortunes of the French armies during the earlier years of the War of the Spanish Succession compelled Louis to appoint Conti, whose military renown stood very high, to command the troops in Italy. He fell ill before he could take the field, and died, his death calling forth exceptional signs of mourning from all classes.