Austrian physicist who in 1879 formulated a law which states that the radiant energy of a blackbody—a theoretical object that absorbs all radiation that falls on it—is proportional to the fourth power of its temperature. His law was one of the first important steps toward the understanding of blackbody radiation, from which sprang the quantum idea of radiation.

At the University of Vienna, Stefan rose from lecturer in mathematical physics in 1858 to professor ordinarius of physics in 1863 and to director of the Physical Institute in 1866. Five years after he derived his law empirically, it was derived theoretically by Ludwig Boltzmann of Austria and hence became known as the Stefan–Boltzmann law.