British statesman chiefly remembered for his rigid austerity program as chancellor of the exchequer (1947–50).

Academically brilliant at Winchester and at University College, London, where he studied chemistry, he was called to the bar in 1913. Being unfit for service in World War I, he worked in a government factory and suffered a breakdown in health (1917–19). After the war he returned to the bar and was made a King's Counsel in 1927. In 1930 he was knighted and appointed solicitor general, being elected Labour (Labour Party) member of Parliament for Bristol East in 1931, but he refused to serve in the National Government formed in that year. On the extreme left of the Labour Party, he helped found the Socialist League in 1932. In 1936 he advocated a united front with the Communists, which widened in 1938 as an anti-Fascist popular front, resulting in his expulsion from the Labour Party.

Cripps served as ambassador in Moscow from May 1940 until January 1942. He then joined the British War Cabinet, on behalf of which he conducted a negotiation between Great Britain and India that was an important milestone on the road to Indian independence. The meetings, known as the Cripps Mission, took place in Delhi from March 22 to April 12, 1942, and marked an attempt to rally, through the rival Indian National Congress and Muslim League, Indian support for the defense of the country against Japanese invasion. The failure of the talks increased the gulf between government and Congress and led to a crisis in August, when the arrest of Mohandas Gandhi, the Congress leader, and of the Congress Working Committee was accompanied by a short-lived left-wing revolt.

Cripps then became leader of the House of Commons but was later transferred from the Cabinet to the Ministry of Aircraft Production. Readmitted to the Labour Party after World War II, he became president of the Board of Trade, initiating the postwar export drive and working for Indian independence. In 1947 he became chancellor of the exchequer at a crucial time for his country's solvency. He concentrated on investment and the balance of payments, attempting to stimulate exports and curb inflation. Illness compelled him to resign from office and from Parliament in October 1950.