German politician, longtime leader of the Bavarian Christian Social Union.

Strauss studied at the University of Munich and was an active member of a Roman Catholic youth organization that clashed with the Nazi Party of Adolf Hitler (Hitler, Adolf). Called up for military service in 1939, he was captured by U.S. forces near the end of World War II. After his release in 1945, he served as councillor to the Bavarian Ministry of the Interior and in 1946 was appointed deputy county director in the Schongau district by the American occupation authorities. Strauss helped found the Bavarian Christian Social Union (CSU) in 1945 and was elected to the Bundestag (parliament) in August 1949. After being reelected in September 1953, he was appointed minister without portfolio by Chancellor Konrad Adenauer. In 1955 he became minister for atomic affairs and deputy chairman of the Defense Council. In October 1956 Adenauer appointed him minister of defense. As defense minister until 1962, Strauss oversaw West Germany's rearmament and played a major role in building up the Bundeswehr (armed forces).

Strauss's political future seemed enhanced when, in 1961, he became chairman of the CSU. He was involved in the “Spiegel Affair” of October 1962, when the editors of Der Spiegel (Spiegel, Der), a weekly newsmagazine that had frequently criticized him, were arrested and their files seized on suspicion of treason for publishing an article about an exercise of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. This police action so shook public opinion that Strauss had to resign from the cabinet in December. He continued his leadership of the CSU, however, and returned to national office in 1966 as minister of finance, continuing in that position until the elections of 1969, which ousted the CSU from the governing coalition.

Strauss's power in Bavaria was increased when he was elected premier of that Land (state) in November 1978, and in 1979 the opposition parties of the CSU and the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) nominated Strauss as their candidate for chancellor of West Germany in 1980. He was unsuccessful in his bid, however, because most voters considered his views too extreme.

Strauss continued to criticize the domestic and foreign policies of Social Democratic Party (Social Democratic Party of Germany) chancellor Helmut Schmidt (Schmidt, Helmut), who pursued his policy of Ostpolitik (improving West Germany's relations with eastern Europe in the spirit of détente). In the 1980s, however, he modified his stance and advocated greater economic contacts between western and eastern Europe. Strauss remained the leader of the CSU and premier of Bavaria until his death. The economic policies he pursued helped make Bavaria one of West Germany's most prosperous states.

Strauss was the author of The Grand Design: A European Solution to German Reunification (Eng. trans. 1965), Herausforderung und Antwort (1968; Challenge and Response), and Finanzpolitik: Theorie und Wirklichkeit (1969). Later works include Deutschland Deine Zukunft (1975; “Germany Your Future”), Zur Lage (1979; “Regarding Conditions”), and Gebote der Freiheit (1980; “Precepts of Freedom”).