engineer whose graphic methods of structural analysis have been widely applied to engineering and mechanics.

In 1841 Culmann entered the Bavarian civil service as a cadet bridge engineer with the Hof railway construction division. He was eventually appointed professor of engineering sciences at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich (1855–81). In 1864 he made a valuable report on his investigation of the wild mountain streams of Switzerland, the control of which was a seasonal problem. His most important book, Die graphische Statik (1865; “Graphic Statics”), presented a survey of all known work on the graphic method of solving static problems and laid the foundation for its use as an exact science.