American surgeon who was the leading neurosurgeon of the early 20th century.

Cushing graduated from Harvard Medical School in 1895 and then studied for four years at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, under William Stewart Halsted (Halsted, William Stewart). He was a surgeon at Johns Hopkins from 1902 to 1912 and thenceforth was surgeon-in-chief at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital in Boston and professor of surgery at the Harvard Medical School. In 1933 he joined the faculty of Yale University.

Cushing developed many of the operating procedures and techniques that are still basic to the surgery of the brain, and his work greatly reduced the high mortality rates that had formerly been associated with brain surgery. He became the leading expert in the diagnosis and treatment of intracranial tumours. His research on the pituitary body (1912) gained him an international reputation, and he was the first to ascribe to pituitary malfunction a type of obesity of the face and trunk now known as Cushing's disease, or Cushing's syndrome. He wrote numerous scientific works and received the Pulitzer Prize in 1926 for his Life of Sir William Osler (1925).