in meteorology, an atmospheric process that operates on oceans and inland waters whereby a change in atmospheric pressure or a high-velocity wind works in conjunction with normal gravitational tides to produce dramatic changes in oceanic circulation, and, oftentimes, flooding in coastal areas. Though surges usually occur over vast areas, they can also be generated by local storms over inland seas and lakes.

Changes in atmospheric pressure are commonly noted in regions close to the large, semipermanent pressure centres of the Earth, such as the high-pressure area associated with the southern North Atlantic Ocean. Passage of a high-pressure centre causes a fall in the water level, and passage of a low-pressure centre causes a rise. In areas where such occurrences have often been noted, a rise or fall of 2 millibars in 24 hours over an area of about 8,000,000 square km (about 3,090,000 square miles) is common.

The sudden increase in the speed of a large wind stream, especially in the tropics, can also cause surges. The progress of this type of surge can be followed on weather maps as it expands. During a “surge of the trades (trade wind)” in the trade-wind belts, wind speed often increases by about 40 km/h (25 mile/h) throughout the region between the surface and the 4,500-metre (15,000-foot) level. A surge in the monsoon currents is called a burst, or surge, of the monsoon.