leading figure in the Irish (Irish literature) literary renaissance, a poetic dramatist of great power who portrayed the harsh rural conditions of the Aran Islands and the western Irish seaboard with sophisticated craftsmanship.

After studying at Trinity College and at the Royal Irish Academy of Music in Dublin, Synge pursued further studies from 1893 to 1897 in Germany, Italy, and France. In 1894 he abandoned his plan to become a musician and instead concentrated on languages and literature. He met William Butler Yeats (Yeats, William Butler) while studying at the Sorbonne in Paris in 1896. Yeats inspired him with enthusiasm for the Irish renaissance and advised him to stop writing critical essays and instead to go to the Aran Islands and draw material from life. Already struggling against the progression of a lymphatic sarcoma that was to cause his death, Synge lived in the islands during part of each year (1898–1902), observing the people and learning their language, recording his impressions in The Aran Islands (1907) and basing his one-act plays In the Shadow of the Glen (first performed 1903) and Riders to the Sea (1904) on islanders' stories. In 1905 his first three-act play, The Well of the Saints, was produced.

Synge's travels on the Irish west coast inspired his most famous play, The Playboy of the Western World (1907). This morbid comedy deals with the moment of glory of a peasant boy who becomes a hero in a strange village when he boasts of having just killed his father, but who loses the villagers' respect when his father turns up alive. In protest against the play's unsentimental treatment of the Irishmen's love for boasting and their tendency to glamorize ruffians, the audience rioted at its opening at Dublin's Abbey Theatre. Riots of Irish-Americans accompanied its opening in New York (1911), and there were further riots in Boston and Philadelphia. Synge remained associated with the Abbey Theatre, where his plays gradually won acceptance, until his death. His unfinished Deirdre of the Sorrows, a vigorous poetic dramatization of one of the great love stories of Celtic mythology, was performed there in 1910.

In the seven plays he wrote during his comparatively short career as a dramatist, Synge recorded the colourful and outrageous sayings, flights of fancy, eloquent invective, bawdy witticisms, and earthy phrases of the peasantry from Kerry to Donegal. In the process he created a new, musical dramatic idiom, spoken in English but vitalized by Irish syntax, ways of thought, and imagery.