As a professional minnesinger, he served a number of noble patrons, and from his references to them it can be concluded that his career spanned the period c. 1230–c. 1270. Not much is known of his life, except that he traveled widely and almost certainly took part in the Crusade of 1228–29. There are six extant Leiche (lyric lays) by Tannhäuser, a few dance songs and love songs (the latter in a parodistic vein), and a group of Sprüche (gnomic poems).

The Tannhäuser legend is preserved in a popular ballad, Danhauser, traceable to 1515; the origins of the legend itself probably lie in the 13th century. Enticed to the court of Venus, Tannhäuser lives a life of earthly pleasure, but soon, torn by remorse, he makes a pilgrimage to Rome to seek remission of his sins. The pope tells him that, as his pilgrim's staff will never put on leaf again, so his sins can never be forgiven. In despair Tannhäuser returns to the court of Venus. Shortly afterward his discarded staff begins to put forth green leaves. The pope sends messengers to search for Tannhäuser, but he is never seen again.

The Tannhäuser legend acquired great popularity among 19th-century Romantic writers. Its most famous presentation is in Wagner's “music drama” Tannhäuser (first produced in 1845).