in Marxism, rule by the proletariat—the economic and social class consisting of industrial workers who derive income solely from their labour—during the transitional phase between the abolition of capitalism and the establishment of communism. During this transition, the proletariat is to suppress resistance to the socialist revolution by the bourgeoisie, destroy the social relations of production underlying the class system, and create a new, classless society.

The dictatorship of the proletariat originally was conceived by Karl Marx (Marx, Karl) (1818–83) as a dictatorship by the majority class. Because Marx regarded all governments as class dictatorships (dictatorship), he viewed proletarian dictatorship as no worse than any other form of government. However, the in Russia (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) in 1917 resulted in a dictatorship not of the majority class of proletarians but of a political party that claimed to represent proletarian interests. Contrary to Marx's vision and as George Orwell (Orwell, George) (1903–50), Mikhail Bakunin (Bakunin, Mikhail Aleksandrovich) (1814–76), and others had foreseen, the proposed dictatorship of the proletariat eventually became a dictatorship of former proletarians.