“Discovery of the Transuranium Elements, Table”的意思、由来-百科全书

Discovery of the Transuranium Elements, Table

Table

Table 27: Discovery of the Transuranium Elements

atomic

number element symbol atomic

weight discoverers and

date of discovery source of first

preparation (half-life) first isolation in weighable

amount (half-life)

93 neptunium Np 237*† E.M. McMillan and P.H. Abelson

at the University of California,

Berkeley, 1940 irradiation of uranium with neutrons

²³⁸₉₂U + ¹₀n ——\\> ²³⁹₉₂U + gamma ray

_ß-

²³⁹₉₂U ——\\> ²³⁹₉₃Np (2.36 days) 1944, ²³⁷₉₃Np (2,140,000 years)

L.B. Magnusson and T.J.

La Chappelle at the

University of Chicago

94 plutonium Pu 239†

244* G.T. Seaborg, E.M. McMillan,

J.W. Kennedy, and A.C. Wahl

at the University of California,

Berkeley, 1940 bombardment of uranium with deuterons

²³⁸₉₂U + ²₁H ——\\> ²³⁸₉₃Np + 2¹₀n

_ß-

²³⁸₉₃Np ——\\> ²³⁸₉₄Pu (87.7 years) 1942, ²³⁹₉₄Pu (24,100 years)

B.B. Cunningham and

L.B. Werner at the

University of Chicago

95 americium Am 241†

243* G.T. Seaborg, R.A. James, L.O.

Morgan, and A. Ghiorso at

the University of Chicago, 1944–45 irradiation of plutonium with neutrons

²³⁹₉₄Pu + ¹₀n ——\\> ²⁴⁰₉₄Pu + gamma ray

²⁴⁰₉₄Pu + ¹₀n ——\\> ²⁴¹₉₄Pu + gamma ray

_ß-

²⁴¹₉₄Pu ——\\> ²⁴¹₉₅Am (432 years) 1945, ²⁴¹₉₅Am (432 years)

B.B. Cunningham at the

University of Chicago

96 curium Cm 244†

247* G.T. Seaborg, R.A. James, and

A. Ghiorso at the University

of Chicago, 1944 bombardment of plutonium with helium ions

²³⁹₉₄Pu + ⁴₂He ——\\> ²⁴²₉₆Cm (163 days) + ¹₀n 1947, ²⁴²₉₆Cm (163 days)

L.B. Werner and

I. Perlman at the

University of California,

Berkeley

97 berkelium Bk 247*

249† S.G. Thompson, A. Ghiorso, and

G.T. Seaborg at the University

of California, Berkeley, 1949 bombardment of americium with helium ions

²⁴¹₉₅Am + ⁴₂He —\\> ²⁴³₉₇Bk (4.5 hours) + 2¹₀n 1958, ²⁴⁹₉₇Bk (320 days)

S.G. Thompson and B.B.

Cunningham at the

University of California,

Berkeley

98 californium Cf 251*

252† S.G. Thompson, K. Street, Jr.,

A. Ghiorso, and G.T. Seaborg

at the University of California,

Berkeley, 1950 bombardment of curium with helium ions

²⁴²₉₆Cm + ⁴₂He ——\\> ²⁴⁵₉₈Cf (45 min) + ¹₀n 1958, ^{249, 250, 251, 252}Cf

B.B. Cunningham and S.G.

Thompson at the

University of California,

Berkeley

99 einsteinium Es 253†

252* scientists at the University of

California, Berkeley; Argonne

National Laboratory, Illinois;

and Los Alamos Scientific

Laboratory, New Mexico; 1952 found in the debris from the first thermonuclear

explosion, nicknamed "Mike," engineered by

the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, New Mexico,

on Nov. 1, 1952, at Enewetak atoll, Marshall

Islands; successive neutron captures by uranium-238

and the subsequent ß^- decay of the capture products

resulted in ²⁵³₉₉Es (20.5 days) 1961, ²⁵³₉₉Es (20.5 days)

B.B. Cunningham, J.C.

Wallmann, L. Phillips,

and R.C. Gatti at the

University of California,

Berkeley

100 fermium Fm 257*† scientists at the University of

California, Berkeley; Argonne

National Laboratory, Illinois;

and Los Alamos Scientific

Laboratory, New Mexico; 1953 found in the debris from the first thermonuclear

explosion, nicknamed "Mike," engineered by

the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, New Mexico,

on Nov. 1, 1952, at Enewetak atoll, Marshall

Islands; successive neutron captures by uranium-238

and the subsequent ß^- decay of the capture products

resulted in ²⁵⁵₁₀₀Fm (20.1 hours) . . .

101 mendelevium Md 258* A. Ghiorso, B.G. Harvey, G.R.

Choppin, S.G. Thompson, and

G.T. Seaborg at the University

of California, Berkeley, 1955 bombardment of einsteinium with helium ions

²⁵³₉₉Es + ⁴₂He ——\\> ²⁵⁶₁₀₁Md (1.3 hours) + ¹₀n . . .

102 nobelium No 259* A. Ghiorso, T. Sikkeland,

J.R. Walton, and G.T. Seaborg

at the University of California,

Berkeley, 1958

E.D. Donets, V.A. Schegolev, and

V.A. Ermakov at the Joint

Institute for Nuclear Research

at Dubna, Russia, 1964 bombardment of curium with carbon ions

²⁴⁶₉₆Cm + ¹²₆C ——\\> ²⁵⁴₁₀₂No (55 sec) + 4¹₀n

(the isotope ²⁵²₁₀₂No was also produced and

incorrectly identified as ²⁵⁴₁₀₂No)

bombardment of curium with carbon ions

²⁴⁸₉₆Cm + ¹²₆C ——\\> ²⁵⁶₁₀₂No (3.3 sec) + 4¹₀n . . .

. . .

103 lawrencium Lr 260* A. Ghiorso, T. Sikkeland,

A.E. Larsh, and R.M. Latimer

at the University of California,

Berkeley, 1961

E.D. Donets, V.A. Schegolev, and

V.A. Ermakov at the Joint

Institute for Nuclear Research

at Dubna, Russia, 1965

bombardment of a mixture of californium isotopes

with boron-10 ions and baron-11 ions

²⁴⁹₉₈Cf 2¹₀n

²⁵⁰₉₈Cf +¹⁰₅B ——\\> ²⁵⁸₁₀₃Lr + 3¹₀n

²⁵¹₉₈Cf +¹¹₅B 4¹₀n

²⁵²₉₈Cf 5¹₀n

(the product was incorrectly identified as ²⁵⁷₁₀₃Lr in

1961; the isotope discovered was later proved to be

²⁵⁸₁₀₃Lr; 3.9 sec)

bombardment of americium with oxygen ions

²⁴³₉₅Am + ¹⁸₈O ——\\> ²⁵⁶₁₀₃Lr (28 sec) + 5¹₀n . . .

. . .

104 unnilquadium‡

rutherfordium** Unq

Rf 261* A. Ghiorso, M. Nurmia, J. Harris,

K. Eskola, and P. Eskola at the

University of California,

Berkeley, 1969

G.N. Flerov, Y.T. Oganessian,

Y.V. Lobanov, V.I. Kuznetsov,

V.A. Druin, V.P. Perelygin,

K.A. Gavrilov, S.P. Tretyakova,

and V.M. Plotko at the Joint

Institute for Nuclear Research

at Dubna, Russia, 1964 bombardment of californium with carbon ions

²⁴⁹₉₈Cf + ¹²₆C ——\\> ²⁵⁷104 (4.7 sec) + 4¹₀n

²⁴⁹₉₈Cf + ¹³₆C ——\\> ²⁵⁹104 (3.1 sec) + 3¹₀n

bombardment of plutonium with neon ions

²⁴²₉₄Pu + ²²₁₀Ne ——\\> ²⁶⁰104 + 4¹₀n

(identification of the isotope produced has not been

verified; later research has raised questions about some

of the assumptions on which the original discovery

claim was based) . . .

. . .

105 unnilpentium‡

hahnium

dubnium** Unp

Db 262* A. Ghiorso, M. Nurmia, K. Eskola,

J. Harris, and P. Eskola at the

University of California,

Berkeley, 1970

G.N. Flerov, V.A. Druin,

A.G. Demin, Y.V. Lobanov,

N.K. Skokelev, G.N. Akap'ev,

B.V. Fefilov, I.V. Kolesov,

K.A. Gavrilov, Y.P. Kharitonov,

and L.P. Chelnokov at the

Joint Institute for Nuclear

Research at Dubna, Russia, 1968 bombardment of californium with nitrogen ions

²⁴⁹₉₈Cf + ¹⁵₇N ——\\> ²⁶⁰105 (1.5 sec) + 4¹₀n

bombardment of americium with neon ions

²⁴³₉₅Am + ²²₁₀Ne ——\\> ²⁶⁰105 + 5¹₀n

²⁴³₉₅Am + ²²₁₀Ne ——\\> ²⁶¹105 + 4¹₀n

(the Dubna scientists reported observing alpha-

particle-emitting isotopes of element 105, but

their findings were generally considered inconclusive;

in 1970 Dubna scientists reported observing the nuclide

²⁶¹105, which decayed by spontaneous fission) . . .

. . .

106 unnilhexium‡

seaborgium** Unh

Sg 266* A. Ghiorso, J.M. Nitschke,

J.R. Alonso, C.T. Alonso,

M. Nurmia, G.T. Seaborg,

E.K. Hulet, and R.W. Lougheed

at the University of California,

Berkeley, 1974

Y.T. Oganessian, Y.P. Tretyakov,

A.S. Iljinov, A.G. Demin,

A.A. Pleve, S.P. Tretyakova,

V.M. Plotko, M.P. Ivanov,

N.A. Danilov, Y.S. Korotkin,

and G.N. Flerov at the Joint

Institute for Nuclear Research

at Dubna, Russia, 1974 bombardment of californium with oxygen ions

²⁴⁹₉₈Cf + ¹⁸₈O ——\\> ²⁶³106 (0.8 sec) + 4¹₀n

bombardment of lead with chromium ions

²⁰⁷₈₂Pb + ⁵⁴₂₄Cr ——\\> ²⁵⁹106 + 2¹₀n

²⁰⁸₈₂Pb + ⁵⁴₂₄Cr ——\\> ²⁵⁹106 + 3¹₀n

(later research showed that the observed spontaneous

fission was due to ^{256, 255}104, not element 106)

. . .

107 unnilseptium‡

nielsbohrium

bohrium** Uns

Bh 262* G. Münzenberg, S. Hofmann,

F.P. Hessberger, W. Reisdorf,

K.H. Schmidt, J.R.H. Schneider,

W.F.W. Schneider, P. Armbruster,

C.C. Sahm, and B. Thuma at the

Institute for Heavy Ion Research

at Darmstadt, Ger., 1981 bombardment of bismuth with chromium ions

²⁰⁹₈₃Bi + ⁵⁴₂₄Cr ——\\> ²⁶²107 (0.1 sec) + ¹₀n . . .

108 unniloctium‡

hassium** Uno

Hs 265* G. Münzenberg, P. Armbruster,

H. Folger, F.P. Hessberger,

S. Hofmann, J. Keller,

K. Poppensieker, W. Reisdorf,

K.H. Schmidt, H.J. Schött,

M.E. Leino, and R. Hingmann

at the Institute for Heavy Ion

Research at Darmstadt, Ger., 1984 bombardment of lead with iron ions

²⁰⁸₈₂Pb + ⁵⁸₂₆Fe ——\\> ²⁶⁵108 (2 ms) + ¹₀n . . .

109 unnilennium‡

meitnerium** Une

Mt 266* G. Münzenberg, P. Armbruster,

F.P. Hessberger, S. Hofmann,

K. Poppensieker, W. Reisdorf,

K. Schneider, K.H. Schmidt,

C.C. Sahm, and D. Vermeulen at

the Institute for Heavy Ion

Research at Darmstadt,

Ger., 1982 bombardment of bismuth with iron ions

²⁰⁹₈₃Bi + ⁵⁸₂₆Fe ——\\> ²⁶⁶109 (3.4 ms) + ¹₀n . . .

110 ununnilium‡ Uun 271* S. Hofmann, V. Ninov,

F.P. Hessberger, P. Armbruster,

H. Folger, G. Münzenberg,

H.J. Schött, A.G. Popeko,

A.V. Yeremin, A.N. Andreyev,

S. Saro, R. Janik, and M. Leino

at the Institute for Heavy Ion

Research at Darmstadt, Ger., 1994

A. Ghiorso, D. Lee, L.P.

Somerville, W. Loveland,

J.M. Nitschke, W. Ghiorso,

G.T. Seaborg, P. Wilmarth,

R. Leres, A. Wydler, M. Nurmia,

K. Gregorich, R. Gaylord,

T. Hamilton, N.J. Hannink,

D.C. Hoffman, C. Jarzynski,

C. Kacher, B. Kadkhodayan,

S. Kreek, M. Lane, A. Lyon,

M.A. McMahan, M. Neu,

T. Sikkeland, W.J. Swiatecki,

A. Türler, J.T. Walton,

and S. Yashita at the University

of California, Berkeley, 1991–94

Y.A. Lazarev, Y.V. Lobanov,

Y.T. Oganessian, V.K. Utyonkov,

S. Iliev, V.G. Subbotin,

A.M. Sukhov, G.V. Buklanov,

B.N. Gikal, V.B. Kutner,

A.N. Mezentsev, K. Subotic,

I.F. Wild, R.W. Lougheed,

and K.J. Moody at the Joint

Institute for Nuclear Research

at Dubna, Russia, and Lawrence

Livermore National Laboratory,

California, 1994– bombardment of lead with nickel ions

²⁰⁸₈₂Pb + ⁶²₂₈Ni ——\\> ²⁶⁹110 (0.17 ms) + ¹₀n

²⁰⁸₈₂Pb + ⁶⁴₂₈Ni ——\\> ²⁷¹110 (1.4 ms) + ¹₀n

bombardment of bismuth with cobalt ions

⁵⁹₂₇Co + ²⁰⁹₈₃Bi ——\\> ²⁶⁷110 (4 ms) + ¹₀n

(there is some evidence that one atom of ²⁶⁷110 may

have been created in 1991)

bombardment of plutonium with sulfur ions

²⁴⁴₉₄Pu + ³⁴₁₆S ——\\> ²⁷³110 (0.3 ms) + 5¹₀n

(one decay chain attributable to ²⁷³110 has been

identified, but data is still being analyzed) . . .

. . .

111 unununium‡ Uuu 272* S. Hofmann, V. Ninov,

F.P. Hessberger, P. Armbruster,

H. Folger, G. Münzenberg,

H.J. Schött, A.G. Popeko,

A.V. Yeremin, A.N. Andreyev,

S. Saro, R. Janik, and M. Leino

at the Institute for Heavy Ion

Research at Darmstadt, Ger., 1994 bombardment of bismuth with nickel ions

²⁰⁹₈₃Bi + ⁶⁴₂₈Ni ——\\> ²⁷²111 (1.5 ms) + ¹₀n . . .

112 ununbium‡ Uub 277* S. Hofmann, V. Ninov,

F.P. Hessberger, P. Armbruster,

H. Folger, G. Münzenberg,

H.J. Schött, A.G. Popeko,

A.V. Yeremin, S. Saro,

R. Janik, and M. Leino at

the Institute for Heavy Ion

Research at Darmstadt, Ger., 1996 bombardment of lead with zinc ions

²⁰⁸₈₂Pb + ⁷⁰₃₀Zn ——\\> ²⁷⁷112 (0.3 ms) + ¹₀n . . .

See as table:

*Mass number of longest-lived isotope. †Mass number of more available isotope. ‡Temporary systematic name assigned by the International Union of Pure and Applied

Chemistry (IUPAC) until a permanent name has been approved. Name recommended by the American Chemical Society Committee on Nomenclature in 1994.

**Name recommended by the IUPAC in 1997.

词条	Discovery of the Transuranium Elements, Table
释义	Discovery of the Transuranium Elements, Table Table Table 27: Discovery of the Transuranium Elements atomic number element symbol atomic weight discoverers and date of discovery source of first preparation (half-life) first isolation in weighable amount (half-life) 93 neptunium Np 237† E.M. McMillan and P.H. Abelson at the University of California, Berkeley, 1940 irradiation of uranium with neutrons ²³⁸₉₂U + ¹₀n ——\\> ²³⁹₉₂U + gamma ray _ß- ²³⁹₉₂U ——\\> ²³⁹₉₃Np (2.36 days) 1944, ²³⁷₉₃Np (2,140,000 years) L.B. Magnusson and T.J. La Chappelle at the University of Chicago 94 plutonium Pu 239† 244 G.T. Seaborg, E.M. McMillan, J.W. Kennedy, and A.C. Wahl at the University of California, Berkeley, 1940 bombardment of uranium with deuterons ²³⁸₉₂U + ²₁H ——\\> ²³⁸₉₃Np + 2¹₀n _ß- ²³⁸₉₃Np ——\\> ²³⁸₉₄Pu (87.7 years) 1942, ²³⁹₉₄Pu (24,100 years) B.B. Cunningham and L.B. Werner at the University of Chicago 95 americium Am 241† 243* G.T. Seaborg, R.A. James, L.O. Morgan, and A. Ghiorso at the University of Chicago, 1944–45 irradiation of plutonium with neutrons ²³⁹₉₄Pu + ¹₀n ——\\> ²⁴⁰₉₄Pu + gamma ray ²⁴⁰₉₄Pu + ¹₀n ——\\> ²⁴¹₉₄Pu + gamma ray _ß- ²⁴¹₉₄Pu ——\\> ²⁴¹₉₅Am (432 years) 1945, ²⁴¹₉₅Am (432 years) B.B. Cunningham at the University of Chicago 96 curium Cm 244† 247* G.T. Seaborg, R.A. James, and A. Ghiorso at the University of Chicago, 1944 bombardment of plutonium with helium ions ²³⁹₉₄Pu + ⁴₂He ——\\> ²⁴²₉₆Cm (163 days) + ¹₀n 1947, ²⁴²₉₆Cm (163 days) L.B. Werner and I. Perlman at the University of California, Berkeley 97 berkelium Bk 247* 249† S.G. Thompson, A. Ghiorso, and G.T. Seaborg at the University of California, Berkeley, 1949 bombardment of americium with helium ions ²⁴¹₉₅Am + ⁴₂He —\\> ²⁴³₉₇Bk (4.5 hours) + 2¹₀n 1958, ²⁴⁹₉₇Bk (320 days) S.G. Thompson and B.B. Cunningham at the University of California, Berkeley 98 californium Cf 251* 252† S.G. Thompson, K. Street, Jr., A. Ghiorso, and G.T. Seaborg at the University of California, Berkeley, 1950 bombardment of curium with helium ions ²⁴²₉₆Cm + ⁴₂He ——\\> ²⁴⁵₉₈Cf (45 min) + ¹₀n 1958, ^{249, 250, 251, 252}Cf B.B. Cunningham and S.G. Thompson at the University of California, Berkeley 99 einsteinium Es 253† 252* scientists at the University of California, Berkeley; Argonne National Laboratory, Illinois; and Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, New Mexico; 1952 found in the debris from the first thermonuclear explosion, nicknamed "Mike," engineered by the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, New Mexico, on Nov. 1, 1952, at Enewetak atoll, Marshall Islands; successive neutron captures by uranium-238 and the subsequent ß^- decay of the capture products resulted in ²⁵³₉₉Es (20.5 days) 1961, ²⁵³₉₉Es (20.5 days) B.B. Cunningham, J.C. Wallmann, L. Phillips, and R.C. Gatti at the University of California, Berkeley 100 fermium Fm 257† scientists at the University of California, Berkeley; Argonne National Laboratory, Illinois; and Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, New Mexico; 1953 found in the debris from the first thermonuclear explosion, nicknamed "Mike," engineered by the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, New Mexico, on Nov. 1, 1952, at Enewetak atoll, Marshall Islands; successive neutron captures by uranium-238 and the subsequent ß^- decay of the capture products resulted in ²⁵⁵₁₀₀Fm (20.1 hours) . . . 101 mendelevium Md 258 A. Ghiorso, B.G. Harvey, G.R. Choppin, S.G. Thompson, and G.T. Seaborg at the University of California, Berkeley, 1955 bombardment of einsteinium with helium ions ²⁵³₉₉Es + ⁴₂He ——\\> ²⁵⁶₁₀₁Md (1.3 hours) + ¹₀n . . . 102 nobelium No 259* A. Ghiorso, T. Sikkeland, J.R. Walton, and G.T. Seaborg at the University of California, Berkeley, 1958 E.D. Donets, V.A. Schegolev, and V.A. Ermakov at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna, Russia, 1964 bombardment of curium with carbon ions ²⁴⁶₉₆Cm + ¹²₆C ——\\> ²⁵⁴₁₀₂No (55 sec) + 4¹₀n (the isotope ²⁵²₁₀₂No was also produced and incorrectly identified as ²⁵⁴₁₀₂No) bombardment of curium with carbon ions ²⁴⁸₉₆Cm + ¹²₆C ——\\> ²⁵⁶₁₀₂No (3.3 sec) + 4¹₀n . . . . . . 103 lawrencium Lr 260* A. Ghiorso, T. Sikkeland, A.E. Larsh, and R.M. Latimer at the University of California, Berkeley, 1961 E.D. Donets, V.A. Schegolev, and V.A. Ermakov at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna, Russia, 1965 bombardment of a mixture of californium isotopes with boron-10 ions and baron-11 ions ²⁴⁹₉₈Cf 2¹₀n ²⁵⁰₉₈Cf +¹⁰₅B ——\\> ²⁵⁸₁₀₃Lr + 3¹₀n ²⁵¹₉₈Cf +¹¹₅B 4¹₀n ²⁵²₉₈Cf 5¹₀n (the product was incorrectly identified as ²⁵⁷₁₀₃Lr in 1961; the isotope discovered was later proved to be ²⁵⁸₁₀₃Lr; 3.9 sec) bombardment of americium with oxygen ions ²⁴³₉₅Am + ¹⁸₈O ——\\> ²⁵⁶₁₀₃Lr (28 sec) + 5¹₀n . . . . . . 104 unnilquadium‡ rutherfordium** Unq Rf 261* A. Ghiorso, M. Nurmia, J. Harris, K. Eskola, and P. Eskola at the University of California, Berkeley, 1969 G.N. Flerov, Y.T. Oganessian, Y.V. Lobanov, V.I. Kuznetsov, V.A. Druin, V.P. Perelygin, K.A. Gavrilov, S.P. Tretyakova, and V.M. Plotko at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna, Russia, 1964 bombardment of californium with carbon ions ²⁴⁹₉₈Cf + ¹²₆C ——\\> ²⁵⁷104 (4.7 sec) + 4¹₀n ²⁴⁹₉₈Cf + ¹³₆C ——\\> ²⁵⁹104 (3.1 sec) + 3¹₀n bombardment of plutonium with neon ions ²⁴²₉₄Pu + ²²₁₀Ne ——\\> ²⁶⁰104 + 4¹₀n (identification of the isotope produced has not been verified; later research has raised questions about some of the assumptions on which the original discovery claim was based) . . . . . . 105 unnilpentium‡ hahnium dubnium** Unp Ha Db 262* A. Ghiorso, M. Nurmia, K. Eskola, J. Harris, and P. Eskola at the University of California, Berkeley, 1970 G.N. Flerov, V.A. Druin, A.G. Demin, Y.V. Lobanov, N.K. Skokelev, G.N. Akap'ev, B.V. Fefilov, I.V. Kolesov, K.A. Gavrilov, Y.P. Kharitonov, and L.P. Chelnokov at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna, Russia, 1968 bombardment of californium with nitrogen ions ²⁴⁹₉₈Cf + ¹⁵₇N ——\\> ²⁶⁰105 (1.5 sec) + 4¹₀n bombardment of americium with neon ions ²⁴³₉₅Am + ²²₁₀Ne ——\\> ²⁶⁰105 + 5¹₀n ²⁴³₉₅Am + ²²₁₀Ne ——\\> ²⁶¹105 + 4¹₀n (the Dubna scientists reported observing alpha- particle-emitting isotopes of element 105, but their findings were generally considered inconclusive; in 1970 Dubna scientists reported observing the nuclide ²⁶¹105, which decayed by spontaneous fission) . . . . . . 106 unnilhexium‡ seaborgium** Unh Sg 266* A. Ghiorso, J.M. Nitschke, J.R. Alonso, C.T. Alonso, M. Nurmia, G.T. Seaborg, E.K. Hulet, and R.W. Lougheed at the University of California, Berkeley, 1974 Y.T. Oganessian, Y.P. Tretyakov, A.S. Iljinov, A.G. Demin, A.A. Pleve, S.P. Tretyakova, V.M. Plotko, M.P. Ivanov, N.A. Danilov, Y.S. Korotkin, and G.N. Flerov at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna, Russia, 1974 bombardment of californium with oxygen ions ²⁴⁹₉₈Cf + ¹⁸₈O ——\\> ²⁶³106 (0.8 sec) + 4¹₀n bombardment of lead with chromium ions ²⁰⁷₈₂Pb + ⁵⁴₂₄Cr ——\\> ²⁵⁹106 + 2¹₀n ²⁰⁸₈₂Pb + ⁵⁴₂₄Cr ——\\> ²⁵⁹106 + 3¹₀n (later research showed that the observed spontaneous fission was due to ^{256, 255}104, not element 106) . . . . . . 107 unnilseptium‡ nielsbohrium bohrium** Uns Ns Bh 262* G. Münzenberg, S. Hofmann, F.P. Hessberger, W. Reisdorf, K.H. Schmidt, J.R.H. Schneider, W.F.W. Schneider, P. Armbruster, C.C. Sahm, and B. Thuma at the Institute for Heavy Ion Research at Darmstadt, Ger., 1981 bombardment of bismuth with chromium ions ²⁰⁹₈₃Bi + ⁵⁴₂₄Cr ——\\> ²⁶²107 (0.1 sec) + ¹₀n . . . 108 unniloctium‡ hassium** Uno Hs 265* G. Münzenberg, P. Armbruster, H. Folger, F.P. Hessberger, S. Hofmann, J. Keller, K. Poppensieker, W. Reisdorf, K.H. Schmidt, H.J. Schött, M.E. Leino, and R. Hingmann at the Institute for Heavy Ion Research at Darmstadt, Ger., 1984 bombardment of lead with iron ions ²⁰⁸₈₂Pb + ⁵⁸₂₆Fe ——\\> ²⁶⁵108 (2 ms) + ¹₀n . . . 109 unnilennium‡ meitnerium** Une Mt 266* G. Münzenberg, P. Armbruster, F.P. Hessberger, S. Hofmann, K. Poppensieker, W. Reisdorf, K. Schneider, K.H. Schmidt, C.C. Sahm, and D. Vermeulen at the Institute for Heavy Ion Research at Darmstadt, Ger., 1982 bombardment of bismuth with iron ions ²⁰⁹₈₃Bi + ⁵⁸₂₆Fe ——\\> ²⁶⁶109 (3.4 ms) + ¹₀n . . . 110 ununnilium‡ Uun 271* S. Hofmann, V. Ninov, F.P. Hessberger, P. Armbruster, H. Folger, G. Münzenberg, H.J. Schött, A.G. Popeko, A.V. Yeremin, A.N. Andreyev, S. Saro, R. Janik, and M. Leino at the Institute for Heavy Ion Research at Darmstadt, Ger., 1994 A. Ghiorso, D. Lee, L.P. Somerville, W. Loveland, J.M. Nitschke, W. Ghiorso, G.T. Seaborg, P. Wilmarth, R. Leres, A. Wydler, M. Nurmia, K. Gregorich, R. Gaylord, T. Hamilton, N.J. Hannink, D.C. Hoffman, C. Jarzynski, C. Kacher, B. Kadkhodayan, S. Kreek, M. Lane, A. Lyon, M.A. McMahan, M. Neu, T. Sikkeland, W.J. Swiatecki, A. Türler, J.T. Walton, and S. Yashita at the University of California, Berkeley, 1991–94 Y.A. Lazarev, Y.V. Lobanov, Y.T. Oganessian, V.K. Utyonkov, S. Iliev, V.G. Subbotin, A.M. Sukhov, G.V. Buklanov, B.N. Gikal, V.B. Kutner, A.N. Mezentsev, K. Subotic, I.F. Wild, R.W. Lougheed, and K.J. Moody at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna, Russia, and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, California, 1994– bombardment of lead with nickel ions ²⁰⁸₈₂Pb + ⁶²₂₈Ni ——\\> ²⁶⁹110 (0.17 ms) + ¹₀n ²⁰⁸₈₂Pb + ⁶⁴₂₈Ni ——\\> ²⁷¹110 (1.4 ms) + ¹₀n bombardment of bismuth with cobalt ions ⁵⁹₂₇Co + ²⁰⁹₈₃Bi ——\\> ²⁶⁷110 (4 ms) + ¹₀n (there is some evidence that one atom of ²⁶⁷110 may have been created in 1991) bombardment of plutonium with sulfur ions ²⁴⁴₉₄Pu + ³⁴₁₆S ——\\> ²⁷³110 (0.3 ms) + 5¹₀n (one decay chain attributable to ²⁷³110 has been identified, but data is still being analyzed) . . . . . . . . . 111 unununium‡ Uuu 272* S. Hofmann, V. Ninov, F.P. Hessberger, P. Armbruster, H. Folger, G. Münzenberg, H.J. Schött, A.G. Popeko, A.V. Yeremin, A.N. Andreyev, S. Saro, R. Janik, and M. Leino at the Institute for Heavy Ion Research at Darmstadt, Ger., 1994 bombardment of bismuth with nickel ions ²⁰⁹₈₃Bi + ⁶⁴₂₈Ni ——\\> ²⁷²111 (1.5 ms) + ¹₀n . . . 112 ununbium‡ Uub 277* S. Hofmann, V. Ninov, F.P. Hessberger, P. Armbruster, H. Folger, G. Münzenberg, H.J. Schött, A.G. Popeko, A.V. Yeremin, S. Saro, R. Janik, and M. Leino at the Institute for Heavy Ion Research at Darmstadt, Ger., 1996 bombardment of lead with zinc ions ²⁰⁸₈₂Pb + ⁷⁰₃₀Zn ——\\> ²⁷⁷112 (0.3 ms) + ¹₀n . . . See as table: Mass number of longest-lived isotope. †Mass number of more available isotope. ‡Temporary systematic name assigned by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) until a permanent name has been approved. Name recommended by the American Chemical Society Committee on Nomenclature in 1994. *Name recommended by the IUPAC in 1997.
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