navigator, merchant-adventurer, and the first Englishman to visit Japan.

At the age of 12 Adams was apprenticed in the merchant marine, afterward sailing in the British navy and later serving a company of Barbary merchants. In 1598 he shipped as pilot major with five Dutch ships bound from Europe for the East Indies via the Straits of Magellan. The trouble-ridden fleet was scattered, and in April 1600 the Charity, her crew sick and dying, anchored off southern Japan. Adams was summoned to Ōsaka, where the shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu was so impressed with Adams' knowledge of ships and shipbuilding that he presented him with an estate. Adams officiated between the shogunate and the Dutch and English traders who began visiting Japan, and about 1613 he helped to establish an English trading factory for the East India Company. Initially refused permission to return to England, he settled permanently in Japan, married a Japanese woman (though he had an English wife and family), and was given a title. A Tokyo street, Anjin-chō, was named in his honour.

Adams' career in Japan was the inspiration for James Clavell's best-selling novel Shogun (1975).