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Dominica

Introduction

officially Commonwealth of Dominica,

Dominica, flag ofisland nation of the Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean Sea. It lies between the French islands of Guadeloupe and Marie-Galante to the north and Martinique to the south. It has been a member of the Commonwealth since independence in 1978. It is 29 miles (47 kilometres) long, has a maximum breadth of 16 miles, and is 290 square miles (750 square kilometres) in area. The capital and chief port is Roseau.

Physical and human geography

The land

Relief, drainage, and soils

The island is of volcanic formation, signs of activity including solfataras (volcanic vents) and hot springs. A range of high, forest-clad mountains runs north to south, broken in the centre by a plain drained by the Layou River, which flows to the west; the highest points are Mount Diablotin (4,747 feet 【1,447 metres】) and Mount Trois Pitons (4,670 feet 【1,424 metres】). In the south, Boiling Lake lies 2,300 feet above sea level; its waters are often forced three feet above normal by the pressure of escaping gases. The soil is rich, and the numerous rivers are all unnavigable.

Climate

Dominica has a pleasant climate, particularly during the cool months from December to March. Summer temperatures reach an average high of 90° F (32° C); winter temperatures are not much lower, the average high being anywhere from 84° to 86° F (29° to 30° C). The dry season is from February to May, and the rainy season is from June to October, the most likely period for hurricanes. Rainfall varies, being especially heavy in the mountainous interior. Average annual coastal rainfall varies from about 60 inches (1,500 millimetres) to 145 inches (3,700 millimetres), but in the mountains average rainfall can reach 250 inches (6,350 millimetres).

Plant and animal life

Dominica is the most heavily forested island of the Lesser Antilles. The forest is the habitat of a considerable variety of birds and animals. Two parrots—the imperial parrot, or sisserou (Amazona imperialis) and the smaller red-necked parrot (Amazona arausiaca)—are found only in Dominica. There are many hummingbirds, of which the blue-headed (Cyanophaia bicolor) is native only to Dominica and the neighbouring island of Martinique. Large frogs, known as crapaud or mountain chicken, are a culinary delicacy.

The people

The population is mainly of African descent, with some Europeans, Syrians, and Caribs (Carib). Dominica is the only island with a relatively large and distinctive group of Carib Indians, descendants of the people who inhabited the island before European colonization. Most of the remaining Caribs, a small number of whom are pure-blooded, live in the 3,000-acre (1,214-hectare) Carib Reserve. English is the official language, but a French patois is commonly spoken, and the original Carib language is evidenced in a number of place names. The majority of the population is Roman Catholic, but there also are Methodists, Pentecostals, and Seventh-day Adventists. Dominica experienced out-migration throughout the 1970s, a trend that culminated with a massive exodus after Hurricane David in 1979. This trend, however, reversed in the 1980s.

The economy

Dominica is one of the poorest of the Caribbean nations, its economy dependent upon agriculture, which is intermittently destroyed by hurricanes. Attempts to diversify have had minimal success.

Resources

Pumice, a volcanic rock used chiefly for building purposes, is the most important commercial mineral. There are also deposits of clay and limestone.

Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries

Agriculture remains the most important sector of the economy, in terms of both employment and contribution to the gross national product. The main crops are bananas, citrus fruits, and coconuts. Bananas account for nearly half of Dominica's export earnings. Cocoa, coffee, and vegetables are also produced. The forests have potential for marketable timber. The fishing industry was devastated by Hurricane David, when nearly all of the island's fishing boats were destroyed. Recovery has been slow.

Industry

Most of the main products and exports are derived from the agricultural industry; they include copra, coconut oil, soap, bay oil, and fruit juices. Wood products, including furniture, are produced from local timber. Portsmouth is the main boatbuilding centre. Imports include food, mineral fuels, and manufactured goods. Tourism has been slow to develop because of poor transport and the lack of hotel facilities and good beaches. The island has sought to develop preserves of its unique flora and fauna to attract tourists.

Transportation

High rainfall and rugged terrain have impeded road building in Dominica. The first road across the island was not completed until 1956, and it was not until 1984 that a major road rehabilitation project was launched to greatly improve accessibility. The main airport is at Melville Hall, 36 miles from Roseau. A second airport at Canefield, closer to the capital, was opened in 1982. Larger vessels use the deepwater port at Woodbridge Bay near Roseau, but Portsmouth remains the major banana-shipping port.

Administration and social conditions

Government

Dominica's government is a parliamentary system, with the parliament consisting of the chief executive and the House of Assembly. Most of the House members are elected, but some, usually called senators, may be either elected or appointed. The chief executive is the president, who has the responsibility of appointing the prime minister, an elected member of the parliament with the support of the majority of its members. Terms of office are for five years, and there is universal adult suffrage.

Education

Primary education is compulsory and free in government-run schools. There are many secondary schools, and a university centre is operated by the University of the West Indies.

Health and welfare

There are several major hospitals. Local medical needs are handled by health centres throughout the island. Intestinal diseases, diabetes, anemia, tuberculosis, and sexually transmitted diseases constitute the major health problems of Dominica.

Cultural life

Carib material culture remains evident in the production and use of dugout canoes and intricate woven baskets. The Department of Culture has encouraged revival of slavery-era traditions, which had almost died out, including Afro-French dances, drama, music, and costumes. The Botanical Garden, although it has lost its collection of exotic plants, provides an idyllic setting for the island's main sport of cricket.

History

Before colonization the island was a stronghold of the Carib Indians who had migrated from South America, driving out the earlier Arawak Indians. It was named by Christopher Columbus, who sighted it on Nov. 3, 1493, a Sunday (Latin: dies dominica, “the Lord's day”).

The French and British colonial period

The first colonists (1632) were French, but, with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of) (1748), Great Britain and France agreed to treat the island as neutral ground and leave it to the Caribs. From this time until 1805, Dominica went back and forth between France and Britain. French planters continued to settle in Dominica until 1759, when the British captured the island. It was formally ceded to Britain in 1763. In 1778, French forces from Martinique captured Dominica. The British recaptured the island in 1783. The French, coming this time from Guadeloupe, again failed to capture the island in 1795. The final French assault on the island was in 1805, and although they burned the capital, Roseau, they were forced to withdraw.

At first administered as part of the Leeward Islands, in 1771 Dominica was made a separate colony. It was rejoined administratively to the Leewards in 1883 and remained thus until 1940, when it was transferred to the Windwards as a separate colony. In 1958 Dominica joined the West Indies Federation. After the federation was dissolved in 1962, discussions for alternative forms of federation took place. These issues were settled by the West Indies Act of 1967, which gave Dominica the status of association with the United Kingdom. Under the 1967 constitution the island became fully self-governing in internal affairs.

Independence

On Nov. 3, 1978, Dominica achieved full independence, with Patrick Roland John as its first prime minister. John's government was implicated in a rumoured invasion of Barbados that was to have been launched from Dominica. In the ensuing Cabinet crisis Oliver Seraphine emerged as the new prime minister (May 1979).

Hurricane David severely damaged the island in August 1979, virtually wiping out the nation's agricultural economy. The hurricane carried away most of the island's topsoil, and it was estimated that it would take 20 years to rebuild what had been destroyed. The economy was set back by Hurricane Allen a year later and in 1989 by Hurricane Hugo.

The winner of the 1980 elections, Eugenia Charles (Charles, Eugenia), became the Caribbean's first female prime minister. She had initially formed her party, the Dominica Freedom Party, to oppose legislation limiting freedom of the press. More conservative in her approach than either of her predecessors, she moved Dominica toward closer ties with Barbados. Her government faced several coup attempts in 1981, but these were perhaps of less significance than the plight the country faced in attempting to recuperate from the two hurricanes. Under Charles's administration, however, Dominica made marked advances toward recovery, with considerable decreases in unemployment and inflation. Her party was returned to power in 1985 and became more firmly entrenched in the 1986 elections. Dominica joined with other eastern Caribbean states and the United States in the 1983 invasion of Grenada.

David Lawrence Niddrie Janet D. Momsen

Additional Reading

There are few works that treat all the islands of the Lesser Antilles or describe a particular island comprehensively, although a number of broad overviews are listed in the earlier section on the region. An informative geologic survey, covering locations from both the Lesser Antilles and the Netherlands Antilles, is offered in J.H. Westermann and H. Kiel, The Geology of Saba and St. Eustatius, with Notes on the Geology of St. Kitts, Nevis, and Montserrat, Lesser Antilles (1961). Guy Lasserre, La Guadeloupe: Étude géographique, 3 vol. (1978), is a detailed geography. Studies of flora include Clarissa Thérèse Kimber, Martinique Revisited: The Changing Plant Geographies of a West Indian Island (1988); and David Watts, Man's Influence on the Vegetation of Barbados, 1627 to 1800 (1966).The people of Barbados are discussed in Jill Sheppard, The “Redlegs” of Barbados, Their Origins and History (1977), which explores the history of indentured servants; Farley Brathwaite (ed.), The Elderly in Barbados (1986), a survey of social and economic conditions of the elderly; and Graham M.S. Dann (ed.), Everyday in Barbados: A Sociological Perspective (1976), which discusses social structures and recreational activity. Jean Benoist (ed.), L'Archipel inachevé: culture et société aux Antilles françaises (1972), is an anthropological study of the French islands of Martinique, Guadeloupe, La Désirade, Marie-Galante, and Saint-Barthélemy. Stuart B. Philpott, West Indian Migration: The Montserrat Case (1973), explores the impact of migration on village population. Bonham C. Richardson, Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St. Kitts and Nevis (1983), focuses on migration as a response to degradation of environment. Karen Fog Olwig, Cultural Adaptation and Resistance on St. John: Three Centuries of Afro-Caribbean Life (1985), examines the society of one of the Virgin Islands.Analyses of economic conditions include Delisle Worrell (ed.), The Economy of Barbados, 1946–1980 (1982), a study of the trends of the major sectors; Bonham C. Richardson, Panama Money in Barbados, 1900–1920 (1985), which discusses the impact of remittances on a wide range of economic activities and social attitudes; Michel-Rolph Trouillot, Peasants and Capital: Dominica in the World Economy (1988), which explores patterns of land ownership and agricultural production; and C. Bourne, E.R. Lefranc, and F. Nunes (compilers), Small Farming in the Less Developed Countries of the Commonwealth Caribbean (1980), which provides information on Grenada, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saint Lucia, Dominica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Montserrat, and Antigua. Studies of individual island-state economies include John S. Brierley, Small Farming in Grenada, West Indies (1974); Deirdre M. Kelly, Hard Work, Hard Choices: A Survey of Women in St. Lucia's Export-Oriented Electronics Factories (1987); and Hymie Rubenstein, Coping With Poverty: Adaptive Strategies in a Caribbean Village (1987).Historical works which concentrate mostly on slavery and plantation life include the following: Vincent T. Harlow, A History of Barbados, 1625–1685 (1926, reprinted 1969), an examination of the period of the early British colonies; Gary A. Puckrein, Little England: Plantation Society and Anglo-Barbadian Politics, 1627–1700 (1984), a revisionist economic history, particularly strong on the creolizing process; Hilary Beckles, Black Rebellion in Barbados: The Struggle Against Slavery, 1627–1838 (1984), a provocative interpretation of slave resistance. Jerome S. Handler, The Unappropriated People: Freedmen in the Slave Society of Barbados (1974), which fills a gap in historiography; Karl Watson, The Civilised Island, Barbados: A Social History, 1750–1816 (1979), a study of the mature slave society; Claude Levy, Emancipation, Sugar, and Federalism: Barbados and the West Indies, 1833–1876 (1980), on postslavery adjustments; Gordon C. Merrill, The Historical Geography of St. Kitts and Nevis, the West Indies (1958), which discusses the colonial period on the islands; Lennox Honychurch, The Dominica Story: A History of the Island, 2nd ed. (1984), a well-illustrated study covering developments up to the 1980s and benefiting from the author's personal involvement in the constitutional changes leading to independence; and George Brizan, Grenada, Island of Conflict: From Amerindians to People's Revolution, 1498–1979 (1984), the work of a Grenadian historian and politician.

词条	Dominica
释义	Dominica Introduction officially Commonwealth of Dominica, Dominica, flag ofisland nation of the Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean Sea. It lies between the French islands of Guadeloupe and Marie-Galante to the north and Martinique to the south. It has been a member of the Commonwealth since independence in 1978. It is 29 miles (47 kilometres) long, has a maximum breadth of 16 miles, and is 290 square miles (750 square kilometres) in area. The capital and chief port is Roseau. Physical and human geography The land Relief, drainage, and soils The island is of volcanic formation, signs of activity including solfataras (volcanic vents) and hot springs. A range of high, forest-clad mountains runs north to south, broken in the centre by a plain drained by the Layou River, which flows to the west; the highest points are Mount Diablotin (4,747 feet 【1,447 metres】) and Mount Trois Pitons (4,670 feet 【1,424 metres】). In the south, Boiling Lake lies 2,300 feet above sea level; its waters are often forced three feet above normal by the pressure of escaping gases. The soil is rich, and the numerous rivers are all unnavigable. Climate Dominica has a pleasant climate, particularly during the cool months from December to March. Summer temperatures reach an average high of 90° F (32° C); winter temperatures are not much lower, the average high being anywhere from 84° to 86° F (29° to 30° C). The dry season is from February to May, and the rainy season is from June to October, the most likely period for hurricanes. Rainfall varies, being especially heavy in the mountainous interior. Average annual coastal rainfall varies from about 60 inches (1,500 millimetres) to 145 inches (3,700 millimetres), but in the mountains average rainfall can reach 250 inches (6,350 millimetres). Plant and animal life Dominica is the most heavily forested island of the Lesser Antilles. The forest is the habitat of a considerable variety of birds and animals. Two parrots—the imperial parrot, or sisserou (Amazona imperialis) and the smaller red-necked parrot (Amazona arausiaca)—are found only in Dominica. There are many hummingbirds, of which the blue-headed (Cyanophaia bicolor) is native only to Dominica and the neighbouring island of Martinique. Large frogs, known as crapaud or mountain chicken, are a culinary delicacy. The people The population is mainly of African descent, with some Europeans, Syrians, and Caribs (Carib). Dominica is the only island with a relatively large and distinctive group of Carib Indians, descendants of the people who inhabited the island before European colonization. Most of the remaining Caribs, a small number of whom are pure-blooded, live in the 3,000-acre (1,214-hectare) Carib Reserve. English is the official language, but a French patois is commonly spoken, and the original Carib language is evidenced in a number of place names. The majority of the population is Roman Catholic, but there also are Methodists, Pentecostals, and Seventh-day Adventists. Dominica experienced out-migration throughout the 1970s, a trend that culminated with a massive exodus after Hurricane David in 1979. This trend, however, reversed in the 1980s. The economy Dominica is one of the poorest of the Caribbean nations, its economy dependent upon agriculture, which is intermittently destroyed by hurricanes. Attempts to diversify have had minimal success. Resources Pumice, a volcanic rock used chiefly for building purposes, is the most important commercial mineral. There are also deposits of clay and limestone. Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries Agriculture remains the most important sector of the economy, in terms of both employment and contribution to the gross national product. The main crops are bananas, citrus fruits, and coconuts. Bananas account for nearly half of Dominica's export earnings. Cocoa, coffee, and vegetables are also produced. The forests have potential for marketable timber. The fishing industry was devastated by Hurricane David, when nearly all of the island's fishing boats were destroyed. Recovery has been slow. Industry Most of the main products and exports are derived from the agricultural industry; they include copra, coconut oil, soap, bay oil, and fruit juices. Wood products, including furniture, are produced from local timber. Portsmouth is the main boatbuilding centre. Imports include food, mineral fuels, and manufactured goods. Tourism has been slow to develop because of poor transport and the lack of hotel facilities and good beaches. The island has sought to develop preserves of its unique flora and fauna to attract tourists. Transportation High rainfall and rugged terrain have impeded road building in Dominica. The first road across the island was not completed until 1956, and it was not until 1984 that a major road rehabilitation project was launched to greatly improve accessibility. The main airport is at Melville Hall, 36 miles from Roseau. A second airport at Canefield, closer to the capital, was opened in 1982. Larger vessels use the deepwater port at Woodbridge Bay near Roseau, but Portsmouth remains the major banana-shipping port. Administration and social conditions Government Dominica's government is a parliamentary system, with the parliament consisting of the chief executive and the House of Assembly. Most of the House members are elected, but some, usually called senators, may be either elected or appointed. The chief executive is the president, who has the responsibility of appointing the prime minister, an elected member of the parliament with the support of the majority of its members. Terms of office are for five years, and there is universal adult suffrage. Education Primary education is compulsory and free in government-run schools. There are many secondary schools, and a university centre is operated by the University of the West Indies. Health and welfare There are several major hospitals. Local medical needs are handled by health centres throughout the island. Intestinal diseases, diabetes, anemia, tuberculosis, and sexually transmitted diseases constitute the major health problems of Dominica. Cultural life Carib material culture remains evident in the production and use of dugout canoes and intricate woven baskets. The Department of Culture has encouraged revival of slavery-era traditions, which had almost died out, including Afro-French dances, drama, music, and costumes. The Botanical Garden, although it has lost its collection of exotic plants, provides an idyllic setting for the island's main sport of cricket. History Before colonization the island was a stronghold of the Carib Indians who had migrated from South America, driving out the earlier Arawak Indians. It was named by Christopher Columbus, who sighted it on Nov. 3, 1493, a Sunday (Latin: dies dominica, “the Lord's day”). The French and British colonial period The first colonists (1632) were French, but, with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of) (1748), Great Britain and France agreed to treat the island as neutral ground and leave it to the Caribs. From this time until 1805, Dominica went back and forth between France and Britain. French planters continued to settle in Dominica until 1759, when the British captured the island. It was formally ceded to Britain in 1763. In 1778, French forces from Martinique captured Dominica. The British recaptured the island in 1783. The French, coming this time from Guadeloupe, again failed to capture the island in 1795. The final French assault on the island was in 1805, and although they burned the capital, Roseau, they were forced to withdraw. At first administered as part of the Leeward Islands, in 1771 Dominica was made a separate colony. It was rejoined administratively to the Leewards in 1883 and remained thus until 1940, when it was transferred to the Windwards as a separate colony. In 1958 Dominica joined the West Indies Federation. After the federation was dissolved in 1962, discussions for alternative forms of federation took place. These issues were settled by the West Indies Act of 1967, which gave Dominica the status of association with the United Kingdom. Under the 1967 constitution the island became fully self-governing in internal affairs. Independence On Nov. 3, 1978, Dominica achieved full independence, with Patrick Roland John as its first prime minister. John's government was implicated in a rumoured invasion of Barbados that was to have been launched from Dominica. In the ensuing Cabinet crisis Oliver Seraphine emerged as the new prime minister (May 1979). Hurricane David severely damaged the island in August 1979, virtually wiping out the nation's agricultural economy. The hurricane carried away most of the island's topsoil, and it was estimated that it would take 20 years to rebuild what had been destroyed. The economy was set back by Hurricane Allen a year later and in 1989 by Hurricane Hugo. The winner of the 1980 elections, Eugenia Charles (Charles, Eugenia), became the Caribbean's first female prime minister. She had initially formed her party, the Dominica Freedom Party, to oppose legislation limiting freedom of the press. More conservative in her approach than either of her predecessors, she moved Dominica toward closer ties with Barbados. Her government faced several coup attempts in 1981, but these were perhaps of less significance than the plight the country faced in attempting to recuperate from the two hurricanes. Under Charles's administration, however, Dominica made marked advances toward recovery, with considerable decreases in unemployment and inflation. Her party was returned to power in 1985 and became more firmly entrenched in the 1986 elections. Dominica joined with other eastern Caribbean states and the United States in the 1983 invasion of Grenada. David Lawrence Niddrie Janet D. Momsen Additional Reading There are few works that treat all the islands of the Lesser Antilles or describe a particular island comprehensively, although a number of broad overviews are listed in the earlier section on the region. An informative geologic survey, covering locations from both the Lesser Antilles and the Netherlands Antilles, is offered in J.H. Westermann and H. Kiel, The Geology of Saba and St. Eustatius, with Notes on the Geology of St. Kitts, Nevis, and Montserrat, Lesser Antilles (1961). Guy Lasserre, La Guadeloupe: Étude géographique, 3 vol. (1978), is a detailed geography. Studies of flora include Clarissa Thérèse Kimber, Martinique Revisited: The Changing Plant Geographies of a West Indian Island (1988); and David Watts, Man's Influence on the Vegetation of Barbados, 1627 to 1800 (1966).The people of Barbados are discussed in Jill Sheppard, The “Redlegs” of Barbados, Their Origins and History (1977), which explores the history of indentured servants; Farley Brathwaite (ed.), The Elderly in Barbados (1986), a survey of social and economic conditions of the elderly; and Graham M.S. Dann (ed.), Everyday in Barbados: A Sociological Perspective (1976), which discusses social structures and recreational activity. Jean Benoist (ed.), L'Archipel inachevé: culture et société aux Antilles françaises (1972), is an anthropological study of the French islands of Martinique, Guadeloupe, La Désirade, Marie-Galante, and Saint-Barthélemy. Stuart B. Philpott, West Indian Migration: The Montserrat Case (1973), explores the impact of migration on village population. Bonham C. Richardson, Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St. Kitts and Nevis (1983), focuses on migration as a response to degradation of environment. Karen Fog Olwig, Cultural Adaptation and Resistance on St. John: Three Centuries of Afro-Caribbean Life (1985), examines the society of one of the Virgin Islands.Analyses of economic conditions include Delisle Worrell (ed.), The Economy of Barbados, 1946–1980 (1982), a study of the trends of the major sectors; Bonham C. Richardson, Panama Money in Barbados, 1900–1920 (1985), which discusses the impact of remittances on a wide range of economic activities and social attitudes; Michel-Rolph Trouillot, Peasants and Capital: Dominica in the World Economy (1988), which explores patterns of land ownership and agricultural production; and C. Bourne, E.R. Lefranc, and F. Nunes (compilers), Small Farming in the Less Developed Countries of the Commonwealth Caribbean (1980), which provides information on Grenada, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saint Lucia, Dominica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Montserrat, and Antigua. Studies of individual island-state economies include John S. Brierley, Small Farming in Grenada, West Indies (1974); Deirdre M. Kelly, Hard Work, Hard Choices: A Survey of Women in St. Lucia's Export-Oriented Electronics Factories (1987); and Hymie Rubenstein, Coping With Poverty: Adaptive Strategies in a Caribbean Village (1987).Historical works which concentrate mostly on slavery and plantation life include the following: Vincent T. Harlow, A History of Barbados, 1625–1685 (1926, reprinted 1969), an examination of the period of the early British colonies; Gary A. Puckrein, Little England: Plantation Society and Anglo-Barbadian Politics, 1627–1700 (1984), a revisionist economic history, particularly strong on the creolizing process; Hilary Beckles, Black Rebellion in Barbados: The Struggle Against Slavery, 1627–1838 (1984), a provocative interpretation of slave resistance. Jerome S. Handler, The Unappropriated People: Freedmen in the Slave Society of Barbados (1974), which fills a gap in historiography; Karl Watson, The Civilised Island, Barbados: A Social History, 1750–1816 (1979), a study of the mature slave society; Claude Levy, Emancipation, Sugar, and Federalism: Barbados and the West Indies, 1833–1876 (1980), on postslavery adjustments; Gordon C. Merrill, The Historical Geography of St. Kitts and Nevis, the West Indies (1958), which discusses the colonial period on the islands; Lennox Honychurch, The Dominica Story: A History of the Island, 2nd ed. (1984), a well-illustrated study covering developments up to the 1980s and benefiting from the author's personal involvement in the constitutional changes leading to independence; and George Brizan, Grenada, Island of Conflict: From Amerindians to People's Revolution, 1498–1979 (1984), the work of a Grenadian historian and politician.
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