a type of Spanish literary salon that was popular in Spain from at least the 17th century and that eventually replaced the more formal academies. Tertulias were held in private homes at first, but from the early 19th century they met in clubs and cafés. Some well-known tertulias were described in novels and memoirs of the participants, including La fontana de oro (1870) by Benito Pérez Galdós (Pérez Galdós, Benito) and Pombo (1918) by Ramón Gómez de la Serna (Gómez de la Serna, Ramón). The popularity of tertulias continued well into the 20th century.