any member of the protozoan order Arcellinida (formerly Testacida) of the class Rhizopodea. Testaceans are usually encased in one-chambered tests, or shells, and usually found in fresh water, although sometimes they occur in salt water and in mossy soil. The test has an underlying membrane of chitinous material that is similar to an insect's exoskeleton. The outer layer may be a brownish chitinoid shell secreted by the inner layer (as in Arcella), sand or solid particles glued together (as in Difflugia), or siliceous plates that are secreted by cytoplasm, pushed out, and cemented in place (as in Euglypha). The genus Nebela forms its pear-shaped shell from the plates of other testaceans ingested as food. Arcella, a soil and freshwater genus, resembles an amoeba enclosed in a one-chambered, umbrella-shaped test. Reproduction is asexual, by division or budding, or sexual.