government official and writer whose early work in Portuguese established him as one of the earliest African novelists.

Duarte was educated under the official program of assimilaçao (“assimilation”), which after 1921 had social and political equality for Africans in the Portuguese sphere of influence as a goal. He was then sent to Portuguese Guinea (now Guinea-Bissau) as a government administrator.

Duarte's first novel, Auá: Novela Negra (1934; “Auá: Black Novel”), is set among the Fulani peoples of Guinea. He wrote three other novels—O Negro sem Alma (1935; “The Black Without Soul”), Rumo ao Degrêdo (1939; “Adrift as an Exile”), and A Revolta (1945; “The Revolution”)—and a book of short stories—Foram Estes os Vencidos (1945; “To Move is to Conquer”). His works are important primarily because of the interest he took in African indigenous culture.