royal burgh and city, Fife council area and historic county, eastern Scotland, situated on high ground 3 miles (5 km) inland from the Firth of Forth.

Early Celtic monks had a settlement there, but the community really developed around the Benedictine abbey (c. 1072). During the Middle Ages Dunfermline was one of the seats of the kings of Scotland, and ruins of the royal residence of that time survive in Pittencrief Park. Seven Scottish kings from Malcolm III (Canmore) to Robert I (the Bruce) are buried there. The surviving abbey nave, a fine example of massive Norman architecture, served as a parish church until 1821.

Virtually destroyed by fire in 1624, Dunfermline later developed as a centre for the manufacture of linen and damask, with the associated industries of bleaching and dyeing. Today its economy is based on service activities and manufacturing sectors such as electronics. Andrew Carnegie (Carnegie, Andrew), the millionaire industrialist and philanthropist, was born in Dunfermline (1835) and was especially generous to his hometown, which remains the headquarters of all the Carnegie Trusts. Pop. (2004 est.) 43,760.