ruler of Afghanistan (1826–63) and founder of the Bārakzay dynasty, who maintained Afghan independence during a time when the nation was a focus of political struggles between Great Britain and Russia.

Dōst Moḥammad was one of a number of sons of Pāyenda Khān, head of the Bārakzay clan. In 1816 the clan rose in rebellion against the Afghan ruler Maḥmūd Shāh, who had put to death his prime minister, a member of the clan. Following eight years of civil war, the clan claimed victory. Dōst Moḥammad emerged as its most powerful member, and he ascended the throne in 1826.

With Great Britain and Russia manoeuvring for influence in Afghanistan, Dōst Moḥammad was forced to balance his nation between the two great powers. He also sought to recover territory lost from the central government's control during the civil war. The British, feeling that Dōst Moḥammad was either hostile to them or unable to resist Russian penetration, moved to take a direct role in Afghan affairs. First they negotiated unsatisfactorily with Dōst Moḥammad, and then they gave military support to an exiled Afghan ruler, Shāh Shojāʿ. In 1839 they tried to use British troops to place Shojāʿ on the throne at the capital in Kābul; this action resulted in the First Anglo-Afghan War (1839–42). Dōst Moḥammad surrendered to British forces following the capture of his family in 1840.

The position of Shojāʿ and the British forces in Kābul, however, deteriorated rapidly. Shojāʿ was killed in a rebellion, and British troops were massacred as they attempted to retreat from the city. After the British departed in 1843, Dōst Moḥammad was restored to the throne. He then tried with some success to regain control of outlying sections of the country. He also reached an accommodation with the British, signing treaties of friendship in 1855 and 1857. In June 1863 his forces, under the command of his son-in-law, captured the city of Herāt, and Dōst Moḥammad died there a few days later.