American mathematician who was awarded the Fields Medal in 1983 for his work in topology.

Thurston was educated at New College, Sarasota, Florida (B.A., 1967), and the University of California, Berkeley (Ph.D., 1972). After a year at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey, he joined the faculty of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1973–74) and then moved to Princeton University, where he remained until 1991. In 1992 he became director of the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute at Berkeley. In 1996 he moved to the University of California, Davis.

Thurston was awarded the Fields Medal at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Warsaw in 1983 for his work in the topology of two and three dimensions. He extended geometric ideas from the theory of two-dimensional manifolds (manifold) to the study of three-dimensional manifolds. His geometrization conjecture says that every three-dimensional manifold is locally isometric to just one of a family of eight distinct types. Special cases were then proved, but only in 2006 was the first generally convincing proof published of the Poincaré conjecture in three dimensions, which was a major unresolved part of Thurston's geometrization conjecture. Grigori Perelman (Perelman, Grigori) was awarded a Fields Medal in 2006 for this achievement, which built on earlier work of Richard Hamilton, and for his proof of the full geometrization conjecture. Thurston also took up ideas about the discrete isometry groups of hyperbolic three-space, first investigated by Henri Poincaré (Poincaré, Henri) and later studied by Lars Ahlfors (Ahlfors, Lars Valerian). Deformations of these groups were studied by Thurston, and further advances in quasi-conformal maps resulted.

Thurston was an enthusiast for an unusual style of mathematical writing that was strong on intuition and short on proofs. His publications included The Geometry and Topology of 3-Manifolds (1979) and Three-Dimensional Geometry and Topology (1997).