historian and scholar of Russian folklore known for his compilation of Russian folktales.

Afanasev studied law at Moscow University. His early work included a study of Russian satirical journals of the late 18th century (1859) and commentaries on contemporary Russian literature. During the period 1866–69 he brought out his Poeticheskiye vozzreniya slavyan na prirodu (The Slav's Poetical Views of Nature) in three volumes, which provided the first synthesis of the theories of the Mythological school, a 19th-century Romantic literary movement that drew its inspiration from folklore. The Mythological school was grounded in the aesthetic philosophy of F.W. von Schelling and the brothers August Wilhelm and Friedrich von Schlegel, who saw in mythology a form of “natural religion.”

Afanasev is best remembered for his Narodnyye russkiye skazki (“Russian Popular Fairy Tales”), compiled between 1855 and 1864 and including over 600 tales. His Narodnyye russkiye legendy (“Russian Popular Legends”) was banned by the government censor until 1914, and his Lyubimyye Skazki (“Beloved Fairy Tales”) collection, which included children's stories satirizing landowners and members of the clergy, was originally published anonymously in Geneva.