city, capital of Thuringia Land (state), central Germany. It is located in the Thuringian Basin, on the Gera River, 200 miles (320 km) southwest of Berlin. It was first mentioned in 724 as Erpesfurt, the site of an abbey and a royal residence at a ford (Furt) on the Gera (originally named Erpf) River. Boniface (Boniface, Saint) founded a bishopric there in 742. By 805 it was a military strong point and an administrative and commercial centre on the eastern border of the Frankish empire. It was granted municipal rights about 1250 by the archbishop of Mainz and controlled extensive territories in the Middle Ages. Joining the Hanseatic League in the 15th century, it was until about 1600 a great commercial centre for woad, a plant then used for its blue dye extract. The University of Erfurt, established in 1392 as Germany's third university, was one of the preeminent centres of learning in the German-speaking world; it was closed in 1816 and reopened in 1994. Occupied by a Swedish garrison during the Thirty Years' War (1618–48), the city became part of the electorate of Mainz in 1664. It passed to Prussia in 1802, forming part of Prussian Saxony until 1945, except for a period of French domination (1806–13). In 1808 the Congress of Erfurt was attended by Napoleon (Napoleon I), Tsar Alexander I of Russia, and the kings of Bavaria, Saxony, Westphalia, and Württemberg. In 1850 a conference of the short-lived Prussian Union was held in Erfurt.

Erfurt is an important road and railway junction and a commercial centre, with an airport 3 miles (5 km) northwest. Industries include metalworking and the manufacture of electrical products. Erfurt is also an important centre of high technology within eastern Germany. Known for the cultivation of a wide variety of flowers and vegetables—an industry that originated in the large gardens attached to the monasteries—it exports seeds and processed foods; the city hosts an annual garden show (first held in 1838) and features a gardening museum.