Expressionist (Expressionism) poet whose personal and wartime torments made him Austria's foremost elegist of decay and death. He influenced Germanic poets after both world wars.

Trakl trained as a pharmacist at the University of Vienna (1908–10). He led an unhappy existence; he was moody and withdrawn and had become addicted to drugs as early as 1904. Moreover, he felt an incestuous attraction to his younger sister Margarete and was plagued by restless wanderlust.

The patronage of a periodical publisher and of the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein (Wittgenstein, Ludwig), who secretly gave him part of a patrimony, enabled Trakl to devote himself to poetry; he brought out his first volume, Gedichte (“Poems”), in 1913. The following year he became a lieutenant in the army medical corps and, in Galicia, was placed in charge of 90 serious casualties whose agonies he, as a mere dispensing chemist, could hardly relieve. One patient killed himself while Trakl watched helplessly; he also saw deserters being hanged. He either attempted or threatened to shoot himself in the aftermath of these horrors and was sent to a military hospital at Cracow for observation. There he died of an overdose of cocaine, perhaps taken inadvertently.

Trakl's intense lyrics infuse lamentation for the present with longing for a pastoral past. Much of his work is rife with negative, often disturbing imagery. A volume of selected poems, translated into English by Lucia Getsi as Poems, was published in 1973.