Eritrean independence leader and president of Eritrea from 1993.

When Afwerki was born in 1946 in Asmara, the city was under the United Nations-mandated control of the United Kingdom. Eritrea itself was federated to Ethiopia in 1952 and was forcibly annexed 10 years later. This annexation spurred the formation of the Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF) in the Eritrean western lowlands. Afwerki studied engineering in Ethiopia at the University of Addis Ababa, but he left the university in 1966 to join the ELF. During Ethiopia's own revolution in 1974, Afwerki led the highland-dominated Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF). In 1987 he was elected secretary-general of the EPLF. After four years of military struggle by the EPLF and diplomatic efforts by Afwerki, Eritrea won its independence in May 1991.

In April 1993 Afwerki was elected president of Eritrea and chairman of the National Assembly, giving him control of both the executive and the legislative branches of government. In the years that followed, he gradually consolidated his power over virtually every aspect of Eritrean life, serving additionally as commander in chief of the army and as chairman of the country's sole political party, the People's Front for Democracy and Justice, as the EPLF renamed itself in 1994. He canceled the 1997 presidential elections, and in 2001 he virtually closed the national press. That same year he had several prominent opposition leaders arrested and charged with treason. Critics of his regime accused him of using the long-standing border dispute with Ethiopia to avoid implementing Eritrea's constitution, which had been ratified in 1997. In 2005 Afwerki banned helicopter flights by United Nations Peacekeeping Forces along the Eritrean-Ethiopian border, charging that the UN Security Council (Security Council, United Nations) was not doing enough to resolve the dispute fairly.