raw material for paper manufacture that contains vegetable, mineral, or man-made fibres. It forms a matted or felted sheet on a screen when moisture is removed.

Rags and other fibres, such as straw, grasses, and bark of the mitsumata and paper mulberry (kozo), have been used as paper pulp. Except for certain special papers (e.g., asbestos paper), nearly all papers are made of cellulosic (vegetable) fibres. The most abundant source of cellulose is the forest, though trees differ in the value of their fibre for making paper. The fibre of flax, cotton, jute, sisal, manila hemp, and the like usually comes to the paper industry as a secondary product, after serving other uses. Agricultural wastes—straw, corn stalks, bagasse (sugarcane waste), bamboo, and some other grasses—are used for making certain grades. Finally, one of the most important sources of pulp is the fibre recovered from old papers, rags, and cardboard boxes.

Wood pulps may be classified into two general groups, mechanical and chemical. Mechanical pulp, generally called groundwood, is usually produced by a mechanical grinding process and is not further classified except as fine, coarse, or bleached. Chemical pulps are classed as unbleached sulfite (sulfite process) (strong and news grade), bleached sulfite (dissolving and paper grade), bleached and unbleached sulfate (kraft), and soda. “Semichemical” is a term applied to a process of cooking followed by mechanical treatment. Spruce, balsam fir, and hemlock are considered the best woods for sulfite and mechanical pulping; several varieties of pine are used for sulfate (kraft) pulping; hardwoods are pulped by all of the pulping processes. The chief European pulpwoods are Norway spruce, Scotch pine, and various hardwoods. See also kraft process; sulfite process.