large genus of mostly very large trees, of the myrtle family (Myrtaceae), native to Australia, New Zealand, Tasmania, and nearby islands. More than 500 species have been described. In Australia the eucalypti are commonly known as gum trees or stringybark trees. Many species are cultivated widely throughout the temperate regions of the world as shade trees or in forestry plantations. Economically, eucalyptus trees constitute the most valuable group within the order Myrtales.

The leaves are leathery and hang obliquely or vertically. The flower petals cohere to form a cap when the flower expands. The fruit is surrounded by a woody, cup-shaped receptacle and contains numerous minute seeds. Possibly the largest fruits—from 5 to 6 centimetres (2 to 2.5 inches) in diameter—are borne by E. macrocarpa, also known as the mottlecah, or silverleaf, eucalyptus.

The eucalypti grow rapidly, and many species attain great height. E. regnans, the giant gum tree or mountain ash of Victoria and Tasmania, attains a height of about 90 metres (300 feet) and a circumference of 7.5 m.

The leaf glands of many species, especially E. salicifolia and E. globulus, contain a volatile, aromatic oil known as eucalyptus oil. Its chief use is medical, and it constitutes an active ingredient in expectorants and inhalants. E. globulus, E. siderophloia, and other species yield what is known as Botany Bay kino, an astringent dark-reddish resin, obtained in a semifluid state from incisions made in the tree trunk.

Eucalyptus wood is extensively used in Australia as fuel, and the timber is commonly used in buildings and fencing. Among the many species of timber-yielding eucalypti are E. salicifolia, E. botryoides, E. diversicolor (commonly called karri), E. globulus, E. leucoxylon (commonly called ironbark), E. marginata (commonly called jarrah), E. obliqua, E. resinifera, E. siderophloia, and others. The bark of many species is used in papermaking and tanning.