city, seat (1818) of Vanderburgh county, southwestern Indiana, U.S., port on the Ohio River (there bridged to Henderson, Ky.), 171 miles (275 km) southwest of Indianapolis. Founded by Hugh McGary, Jr., in 1812, it was named for Robert M. Evans, a member of the territorial legislature. Coal deposits and oil fields in an area of fertile farmland surround the city and, together with the availability of hydroelectric power and its location as a transportation hub, have contributed substantially to its growth as the metropolis of southwestern Indiana and the adjacent areas of Kentucky and Illinois. Diversified manufactures include plastics, pharmaceuticals, home appliances, aluminum, and food products.

The Wabash and Erie Canal was completed in 1853 to Evansville, its southern terminus, and, until its abandonment in the 1860s, connected Lake Erie with the Ohio River. Evansville has a modern river terminal that provides for interchange of barge, rail, and truck traffic, and there is a regional airport. The city contains a museum of arts, history, and science and the Mesker Park Zoo and Botanic Garden. It is the seat of the University of Evansville (1854), the University of Southern Indiana (1965), and several vocational institutions.

The city's riverfront and downtown contain a number of well-preserved structures from the 19th and early 20th centuries, notably the Neo-Baroque Old Vanderburgh County Courthouse (1890) and the Victorian Gothic Old U.S. Post Office, Courthouse, and Custom House (1875–79). Angel Mounds State Historic Site, 7 miles (11 km) east, is a large archaeological site of Middle Mississippian Native American culture dating from about AD 1100. Social reformer and writer Albion Fellows Bacon and musical comedy actress Marilyn Miller were Evansville natives. Inc. town, 1819; city, 1847. Pop. (2000) city, 121,582; Evansville MSA, 342,815; (2005 est.) city, 115,918; (2004 est.) Evansville MSA, 348,454.