city, extreme northern highland Ecuador. Tulcán lies just south of the Carchi River near the Colombian border. Spanish colonists established the European settlement in the mid-18th century. When Ecuador seceded from Gran Colombia in 1830, the boundary between Ecuador and Colombia was fixed along the Carchi River, thus politically dividing a natural economic area—the basin of Tulcán.

In the vicinity is the natural bridge of Rumichaca over the Carchi River, which is the location of a frontier post between Colombia and Ecuador. A few miles to the northeast in Colombia, the shrine of Nuestra Señora de Las Lajas (“Our Lady of the Flagstones”) is visited by many pilgrims from both countries.

Tulcán is in the centre of a rich agricultural region and processes cereals, sugarcane, and coffee. It is also known for its dairy products. Tanning and the manufacture of woolen textiles (rugs and ponchos) are other leading activities. Tulcán was severely damaged by an earthquake in 1923 and has since been rebuilt. It is the seat of a Roman Catholic diocese. The Pan-American Highway passes through the city. Pop. (2001) 47,359.