any rock derived from magma (q.v.; molten silicate material) that is poured out or ejected at the Earth's surface. By contrast, intrusive rocks are formed from magma that is forced into older rocks at depth within the Earth's crust; the molten material then slowly solidifies below the Earth's surface, where it may later be exposed owing to erosion. Extrusive rocks are usually distinguished from intrusive rocks on the basis of their texture and mineral composition.

Both lava flows and pyroclastic debris (fragmented volcanic material) are extrusive; they are commonly glassy (obsidian) or finely crystalline (basalts and felsites). Many extrusive rocks also contain intrusive components; this mixture of fine- and coarse-grained textures is described as porphyritic.