词条 | Turin |
释义 | Turin Italy Italian Torino, Latin Augusta Taurinorum ![]() The original settlement of Taurisia, founded by the Taurini, was partly destroyed by the Carthaginian invader Hannibal in 218 BC. It later became a Roman military colony, known successively as Julia Taurinorum and Augusta Taurinorum, rebuilt by the emperor Augustus in the form of an enclosed rectangle divided into 72 blocks (insulae). The remains of the walls and the Palatine Gate and the Palatine Towers are still visible. Dominated by barbarians after the decline of Rome in the 4th century, the city became part of the Lombard kingdom and then of the Frankish empire. It was linked to Savoy in 1046 by the marriage of Countess Adelaide to Count Odo of Savoy, and it recognized the supremacy of Savoy in 1280 after an intervening period of semi-independence and conflict. Occupied by the French from 1536 to 1562, Turin became the capital of the duchy of Savoy in 1563. It was besieged in 1640 and 1706 (during the War of the Spanish Succession) by the French, who were defeated by Eugene of Savoy in 1706, and it was occupied again by the French during the Napoleonic Wars. The city became the capital of the kingdom of Sardinia in 1720 and in the 19th century became the political and intellectual centre of the Risorgimento, the movement for Italian political unification. It served as the first capital of a united Italy from 1861 to 1865. Turin sustained heavy air-raid damage during World War II. Having been a bishopric since about 415 and an archbishopric since 1510, Turin is rich in ecclesiastical architecture. Churches include La Consolata, which underwent a number of alterations, most notably by the Baroque architect Guarino Guarini (Guarini, Guarino) in the late 1600s; the Waldensian Church (1853), the first Protestant church in Turin; and the nearby basilica of Superga (1717–31), long the royal burial church. The Renaissance-style cathedral of San Giovanni Battista (1498), with the brilliantly original Santa Sindone Chapel (1694) by Guarini, houses the Shroud of Turin (Turin, Shroud of), a piece of linen long thought to be the burial garment of Jesus. The cathedral and chapel were severely damaged by a fire in April 1997 and underwent major restoration work. ![]() The University of Turin (Turin, University of) was founded in 1404. Other educational institutions include the Turin Polytechnic (1859), the Gallery of the Albertina Academy (1652), the Giuseppe Verdi State Musical Conservatory (1867), the Institute of Business and Industrial Organization Studies (1935), and the University Institute of European Studies (1952). Situated on a broad, fertile plain east of the Alps, Turin is one of Italy's most important industrial and communications centres. It is a major road and rail junction and has an international airport. Preeminent in Italy's automotive industry, Turin has long been associated with Fiat (Fiat SpA), which is headquartered there, and is home to Fiat and Lancia plants that produce much of the country's output of automobiles. In the late 20th century, however, as the automobile industry declined, the city looked to diversify its economy, and tourism and the manufacture of high-technology products have become increasingly significant. Airplane, ball-bearing, rubber, and paper industries are also important, as are tanning and leatherworking, and typography and lithography. There are metallurgical, chemical, plastics, and electrotechnical industries. Chocolate and wines (especially vermouth) are notable products. In 1999 Turin was selected to host the 2006 Winter Olympics. Pop. (2004 est.) 867,857. |
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