the last king of Iraq, who reigned from 1939 to 1958.

Fayṣal II, the grandson of Fayṣal I and great-grandson of Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī, former sharif of Mecca and king of the Hejaz, became king of Iraq following the untimely death of his father, King Ghāzī. Because Fayṣal was only four years old, his maternal uncle Abd al-Ilāhʿ became regent. In April 1941, when the nationalist prime minister Rashīd ʿAlī al-Gaylānī (Gaylānī, Rashīd ʿAlī al-) briefly seized power from ʿAbd al-Ilāh, Fayṣal was smuggled out of the country by his mother, Queen ʿĀliyah, and was educated at the Harrow School in England. After the queen's death in 1950, ʿAbd al-Ilāh became Fayṣal's sole guardian.

On May 2, 1953, having gained his majority, King Fayṣal II was enthroned in Baghdad. In November of that year, his cousin Ḥussein ibn Talāl became king of Jordan. The two monarchs belonged to the 41st generation of the Hāshimite family and were rivals for the leadership of the clan. The issue was decided on February 14, 1958, when Fayṣal became head of the Arab federation uniting Iraq and Jordan. Fayṣal's rule in Iraq, however, was growing increasingly unstable. Although he sought to modernize the country—approving extensive projects on dams, bridges, and irrigation works, as well as the construction of schools and hospitals—the material progress failed to earn public support for the monarchy. In addition, Fayṣal was weakened by an escalating power struggle with ʿAbd al-Ilāh, who continued to exert control from behind the scenes. On July 14, 1958, General ʿAbd al-Karīm Qāsim (Qāsim, ʿAbd al-Karīm) led a coup that overthrew the monarchy and established Iraq as a republic. Fayṣal was killed during the fighting.