politician who served as president of the Dominican Republic (1996–2000; 2004– ).

Fernández lived in New York City beginning in 1962 and attended schools there. He returned to the Dominican Republic in 1971 and in 1978 graduated from the Autonomous University of Santo Domingo with honours in law. He worked as a teacher and journalist and also practiced law before entering politics. The presidential candidate of the Dominican Liberation Party (PLD), he lost the first round of the elections to the mayor of Santo Domingo, José Francisco Peña Gómez, of the Dominican Revolutionary Party. After forming an alliance with the ruling Social Christian Reformist Party, however, Fernández won the second round, held on June 30, 1996, by a narrow margin. In what was a racially charged campaign, he had the support of both outgoing President Joaquín Balaguer (Balaguer, Joaquín) and of Juan Bosch (Bosch, Juan), founder of the PLD. The two put aside their differences to ensure that Fernández, who was of mixed race, would defeat Peña, who was of Haitian descent. At age 42, Fernández was the youngest person ever elected to the office.

Fernández vowed to end political corruption, and toward this end one of his first acts as president was to increase the salaries of elected officials, including his own. He maintained that public employees would be less inclined to accept bribes if they were properly paid. He also planned closer oversight of the judiciary, police, and military, and he promised greater scrutiny of state-owned firms and reforms to strengthen manufacturing and agriculture. In 1999 he announced an initiative to broaden the country's economic base by attracting high-technology firms to the Dominican Republic. He attempted to improve the nation's image abroad and in August 1998 served as host of a regional summit of Caribbean nations. In April 1998 he restored diplomatic relations with Cuba. Constitutionally barred from running for reelection, Fernández left office in 2000. In 2004 he was easily elected president, defeating President Hipólito Mejía Domínguez, whose Dominican Revolutionary Party had altered the constitution to allow the president to run for reelection. Fernández was reelected to a third term in 2008.