city and capital, Bashkortostan republic, western Russia. It lies along the Belaya (White) River just below its confluence with the Ufa River. A defensive site in a loop formed by the two rivers led to the foundation there of a fortress in 1574 to protect the trade route across the Ural Mountains from Kazan to Tyumen. It became a town in 1586 and derived importance from this trade route. Ufa grew rapidly in the 20th century as a major manufacturing centre, stimulated by the development of the Volga-Urals oil field. In 1956 its satellite town of Chernikovsk, a few miles to the northeast, with oil refineries and petrochemical industries, was united with Ufa. Synthetic rubber, polyethylene, herbicides, and other products are made there.

Ufa itself has large engineering industries making power and mining machinery, electrical apparatus, telephones, and typewriters. There are also timber-processing industries—making furniture, veneer, prefabricated houses, and matches—and various food industries. Ufa is a major focus of rail and road lines and oil and gas pipelines at the head of navigation on the Belaya. The city is strung out for almost 25 miles (40 km) along the river on the high right bank, but it has extended onto the lower river terrace and across to the low left bank. It is an important cultural centre, with a university, several technical institutes, and numerous scientific-research establishments. Pop. (1991 est.) 1,097,000.