horizontally divided blue-yellow national flag. Its width-to-length ratio is 2 to 3.

More than a thousand years ago a powerful state, Kievan Rus, was founded in an area that is now part of Ukraine. National flags did not exist at that time, but Kievan Rus used as its symbol a trident head, which was resurrected when Ukraine became independent in 1918 and in 1991. The first national flag for Ukraine was adopted in 1848 by revolutionaries who wanted its western parts to be freed from Austro-Hungarian rule. They based their flag, consisting of equal horizontal stripes of yellow over blue, on the colours of the coat of arms (arms, coat of) used by the city of Lviv. The arms showed a golden lion on a blue shield, an emblem dating back many centuries. Late in 1918 the decision was made to reverse the stripes of the 1848 flag to reflect the symbolism of “blue skies over golden wheat fields.”

Ukraine acquired a distinctive flag in 1949 under the communist regime. The Red Banner of the Soviet Union (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) with its golden hammer, sickle, and star was modified for use in Ukraine by having a horizontal stripe of light blue added at the bottom. After Ukraine again proclaimed its independence on August 24, 1991, many fought to maintain a communist system under that flag. Eventually, however, anticommunist forces were successful, and the flag was replaced with the nationalist blue-yellow banner on January 28, 1992.