the “minor pilgrimage” undertaken by Muslims whenever they enter Mecca. It is also meritorious, though optional, for Muslims residing in Mecca. Its similarity to the major and obligatory Islāmic pilgrimage (hajj) made some fusion of the two natural, though pilgrims have the choice of performing the ʿumrah separately or in combination with the hajj. As in the hajj, the pilgrim begins the ʿumrah by assuming the state of ihram (ritual purity). Following a formal declaration of intent (nīyah) to perform the ʿumrah, he enters Mecca and circles the sacred shrine of the Kaʿbah seven times. He may then touch the Black Stone, pray at the sacred stone Maqām Ibrāhīm, drink the holy water of the Zamzam spring, and touch the Black Stone again, though these ceremonies are supererogatory. The saʿy, running seven times between the hills of aṣ-Ṣafā and al-Marwah, and the ritual shaving of the head complete the ʿumrah.

In its present form, the ʿumrah dates from Muḥammad's lifetime and is a composite of several pre-Islāmic ceremonies that were reinterpreted in monotheistic terms and supplemented by Muslim prayers. See also hajj.