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Fischer, Bobby

American-Icelandic chess player

byname of Robert James Fischer

born March 9, 1943, Chicago, Ill., U.S.

died Jan. 17, 2008, Reykjavík, Ice.

American-born chess master who became the youngest grandmaster in history when he received the title in 1958. His youthful intemperance and brilliant playing drew the attention of the American public to the game of chess, particularly when he won the world championship in 1972.

Fischer learned the moves of chess at age 6 and at 16 dropped out of high school to devote himself fully to the game. In 1958 he won the first of many American championships. In world championship candidate matches during 1970–71, Fischer won 20 consecutive games before losing once and drawing three times to former world champion Tigran Petrosyan (Petrosyan, Tigran Vartanovich) of the Soviet Union in a final match won by Fischer. In 1972 Fischer became the first native-born American to hold the title of world champion when he defeated Boris Spassky (Spassky, Boris Vasilyevich) of the Soviet Union in a highly publicized match held in Reykjavík, Ice. In doing so, Fischer won the $156,000 victor's share of the $250,000 purse.

When playing White, Fischer virtually always opened with 1. e4 (see chess notation (chess)). His victories commonly resulted from surprise attacks or counterattacks rather than from the accumulation of small advantages, yet his play remained positionally sound. In 1975 Fischer refused to meet his Soviet challenger, Anatoly Karpov (Karpov, Anatoly Yevgenyevich), and the Fédération Internationale des Échecs (FIDE (chess); the international chess federation) deprived him of his championship and declared Karpov champion by default. Fischer then withdrew from serious play for almost 20 years, returning to defeat Spassky in a privately organized rematch in 1992.

After defeating Spassky, Fischer withdrew into seclusion, in part because he had violated U.S. restrictions on participating in events in Yugoslavia. On July 13, 2004, he was detained at Narita Airport in Tokyo after authorities discovered that his U.S. passport had been revoked. Fischer fought deportation to the United States, where he faced criminal charges for violating sanctions against the former Yugoslavia. On March 21, 2005, Fischer was granted Icelandic citizenship and within days was flown to Reykjavík, the site of his world-famous encounter with Spassky.

Additional Reading

Bobby Fischer, My 60 Memorable Games (1969), ranks among the greatest games collections of all time. Frank Brady, Profile of a Prodigy, rev. ed. (1973; reprinted as Bobby Fischer, 1989), is the standard biography of Fischer. David Edmonds and John Eidinow, Bobby Fischer Goes to War: How a Lone American Star Defeated the Soviet Chess Machine (2004), includes the most in-depth coverage of everything associated with the 1972 world championship match.

词条	Fischer, Bobby
释义	Fischer, Bobby American-Icelandic chess player byname of Robert James Fischer born March 9, 1943, Chicago, Ill., U.S. died Jan. 17, 2008, Reykjavík, Ice. American-born chess master who became the youngest grandmaster in history when he received the title in 1958. His youthful intemperance and brilliant playing drew the attention of the American public to the game of chess, particularly when he won the world championship in 1972. Fischer learned the moves of chess at age 6 and at 16 dropped out of high school to devote himself fully to the game. In 1958 he won the first of many American championships. In world championship candidate matches during 1970–71, Fischer won 20 consecutive games before losing once and drawing three times to former world champion Tigran Petrosyan (Petrosyan, Tigran Vartanovich) of the Soviet Union in a final match won by Fischer. In 1972 Fischer became the first native-born American to hold the title of world champion when he defeated Boris Spassky (Spassky, Boris Vasilyevich) of the Soviet Union in a highly publicized match held in Reykjavík, Ice. In doing so, Fischer won the $156,000 victor's share of the $250,000 purse. When playing White, Fischer virtually always opened with 1. e4 (see chess notation (chess)). His victories commonly resulted from surprise attacks or counterattacks rather than from the accumulation of small advantages, yet his play remained positionally sound. In 1975 Fischer refused to meet his Soviet challenger, Anatoly Karpov (Karpov, Anatoly Yevgenyevich), and the Fédération Internationale des Échecs (FIDE (chess); the international chess federation) deprived him of his championship and declared Karpov champion by default. Fischer then withdrew from serious play for almost 20 years, returning to defeat Spassky in a privately organized rematch in 1992. After defeating Spassky, Fischer withdrew into seclusion, in part because he had violated U.S. restrictions on participating in events in Yugoslavia. On July 13, 2004, he was detained at Narita Airport in Tokyo after authorities discovered that his U.S. passport had been revoked. Fischer fought deportation to the United States, where he faced criminal charges for violating sanctions against the former Yugoslavia. On March 21, 2005, Fischer was granted Icelandic citizenship and within days was flown to Reykjavík, the site of his world-famous encounter with Spassky. Additional Reading Bobby Fischer, My 60 Memorable Games (1969), ranks among the greatest games collections of all time. Frank Brady, Profile of a Prodigy, rev. ed. (1973; reprinted as Bobby Fischer, 1989), is the standard biography of Fischer. David Edmonds and John Eidinow, Bobby Fischer Goes to War: How a Lone American Star Defeated the Soviet Chess Machine (2004), includes the most in-depth coverage of everything associated with the 1972 world championship match.
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