in crystallography, absence of an atom or molecule from a point that it would normally occupy in a crystal. Such an imperfection ( crystal defect) in the regular spacing of atoms changes the electrical and optical properties of the crystal. Colour centres (colour centre) are vacancies that give colour to many solids. Vacancies can be created by mechanical deformation of the crystal, rapid cooling from high temperature, or the impact of radiation on the crystal. In the so-called Schottky defect, an atom moves from the inside of the crystal to its surface, leaving behind an isolated vacancy. In the Frenkel defect, an atom moves to a new position between other atoms of the solid. The empty space created by the migration of the atom is a vacancy. The relative numbers of these two types of defects vary from crystal to crystal. See also colour centre.