any of the fundamental negatively charged particles in the outermost region of atoms that enters into the formation of chemical bonds. Whatever the type of chemical bond (ionic, covalent, metallic) between atoms, changes in the atomic structure are restricted to the outermost, or valence, electrons. They are more weakly attracted to the positive atomic nucleus than are the inner electrons and thus can be shared or transferred in the process of bonding with adjacent atoms. Valence electrons are also involved in the conduction of electric current in metals and semiconductors.