town, Nord département, Nord-Pas-de-Calais région, northern France, on the Escaut (Scheldt) River. The origin of the name is obscure. Some believe that it stems from one of the three Roman emperors called Valentinian. Others attribute it to a corruption of val des cygnes (“valley of the swans”), swans being featured on the civic coat of arms.

The town flourished under the counts of Hainaut. In 1328 Philippa of Hainaut married Edward III of England there. In 1433 Valenciennes came under the control of Philip III (the Good) and then to Charles I (the Bold), both dukes of Burgundy. Louis XI tried in vain to capture it, but the first treaty of Nijmegen (1678) finally ceded it to France. Much of the town was destroyed during World War I (by Allied raids) and again during World War II. After the latter, a new town centre was built.

Valenciennes was once important for its fine lace; the industry had practically died out, but was renovated to some extent. Prosperity was brought to Valenciennes by the exploitation of the first French coalfield and the development of ironworking and subsequent steelworking. But these traditional industries were endangered in the early 1980s because of an economic downturn. Coal mines and blast furnaces have since closed, and, despite the continued presence of metalworking industries, the town experienced a substantial loss of industrial employment. By the end of the 20th century an automotive industry had developed, and several large assembly plants and component manufacturing companies were established. Food processing and packaging industries are also important.

The town is home to the University of Valenciennes and the Museum of Fine Arts, which displays works by such masters as Peter Paul Rubens and Anthony Van Dyck, as well as notable local painters, including Antoine Watteau and Henri Harpignies. Pop. (1999) 41,278; (2005 est.) 43,100.