American filmmaker who wrote, directed, and starred in Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song (1971), a groundbreaking film that spearheaded the rush of African American action films known as "blaxploitation" in the 1970s. He also served as the film's composer and editor.

After graduating from Ohio Wesleyan University (B.A., 1953), Van Peebles traveled extensively in Europe, Mexico, and the United States, working a variety of jobs that included painter, postal worker, and street performer, along with a stint in the air force. While living in Paris, he wrote several English-language novels including La Permission, which he later turned into his first film The Story of the Three Day Pass (1967). He made his Hollywood directorial debut with Watermelon Man (1970), a comedy about racial bigotry. He then turned to his pet project, Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song. Using mostly his own money and relying largely on nonprofessional actors and technicians, Van Peebles told the story of one black man's battle against white authority. Violent, sexy, and angry, the film scored a huge success with African American audiences (it was one of the top box-office earners that year), while angering many white critics.

Next Van Peebles went to Broadway, where he produced the musical comedies Ain't Supposed to Die a Natural Death (1971) and Don't Play Us Cheap (1972). Thereafter he continued to write, act, compose, and direct for films and television. Later films in which he appeared include The Hebrew Hammer (2003) and Blackout (2007). He also wrote the screenplays for Badasssss! (2003) and Confessionsofa Ex-Doofus-ItchyFooted Mutha (2008), the latter of which he also directed. In addition to his film career, Van Peebles became involved in commodities trading in the 1980s and was the first African American to hold a seat on the American Stock Exchange.

Van Peebles's son Mario, who played the character Sweetback as a boy in the 1971 film, became a noted film actor and director in his own right.