capital of Álava provincia (province), in Basque Country comunidad autónoma (autonomous community), northeastern Spain. It is located north of the Vitoria Hills on the Zadorra River, southwest of San Sebastián. Founded as Victoriacum by the Visigothic king Leovigild to celebrate his victory over the Basques in 581, it was granted a charter by Sancho VI (the Wise) of Navarre in the 12th century. In 1200 Alfonso VIII of Castile captured the city and incorporated it into his kingdom. The ancient part of Vitoria-Gasteiz stands on a hill and is centred on the old cathedral of Santa María (founded in 1180 and reconstructed in the 14th century). The city progressively enlarged and was designated an official city in 1431 by King Juan II of Castile. It became a defensive bastion for the Navarre and Castile kingdoms in the 11th and 12th centuries. Sections of medieval walls and inner doors remain from these battles, interspersed among parallel rows of houses. The Vitoria Basin was the scene in 1813 of the Battle of Vitoria (Vitoria, Battle of), a decisive engagement of the Peninsular War.

Vitoria-Gasteiz's concentric layout reflects the city's growth stages. In the last decades of the 20th century, numerous foreign companies opened plants in the city, resulting in explosive growth in population and in commercial and service activities. Vitoria-Gasteiz was designated the capital of Basque Country and headquarters for the Basque region's government in 1980, which further spurred the economy. The manufacturing industries of Vitoria-Gasteiz are closely linked to those of nearby Vizcaya and Guipúzcoa provinces and include the production of metal, furniture, bicycles, agricultural machinery, beet sugar, and playing cards. An airport lies 3 miles (5 km) from the city centre. Pop. (2007 est.) 229,484.