capital of Cauca departamento, southwestern Colombia, at the base of Puracé Volcano (15,603 feet 【4,756 m】) on a tributary of the Cauca River, 5,702 feet (2,241 m) above sea level. Founded in 1535, the city has always been an administrative centre. During the colonial era, landowners and mining entrepreneurs resided there, giving it major cultural and religious importance and its architecture a distinctive Spanish flavour. Its various educational institutions include the University of Cauca (1827).

The changing pattern of development in Colombia since independence has reduced Popayán's economic significance. Its industrial activity is focused largely on the processing of food and beverages and the manufacture of clothing and building materials. Popayán is the southern terminus of the railway running north to Cali and Medellín and is on the Simón Bolívar Highway and a part of the Pan-American Highway connecting the Cauca valley with Ecuador. It is the node of an extensive departmental road network. Indian peoples make up a large part of the population. Pop. (2007 est.) 230,642.