American writer whose fiction, as exemplified by The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman (1971), his most acclaimed work, reflects African American experience and the oral tradition of his rural Louisiana childhood.

When Gaines was 15, his family moved to California. He graduated from San Francisco State College (now San Francisco State University) in 1957 and attended graduate school at Stanford University. He taught or was writer-in-residence at several schools, including Denison and Stanford universities.

Gaines's novels are peopled with well-drawn, recognizable characters who live in rural Louisiana, often in a fictional plantation area named Bayonne that some critics have compared to William Faulkner (Faulkner, William)'s mythical Yoknapatawpha County. In addition to The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, a fictional personal history spanning the period from the Civil War to the civil rights movement of the 1960s, his novels include Catherine Carmier (1964), Of Love and Dust (1967), In My Father's House (1978), and A Gathering of Old Men (1983). In 1994 he received the National Book Critics Circle Award for A Lesson Before Dying (1993), the story of two African Americans—an intellectually disabled man wrongly accused of murder and a teacher who visits him in prison—living in Bayonne. In 2005 Gaines published Mozart and Leadbelly, a collection of stories and autobiographical essays about his childhood and his writing career.