town and episcopal see, Toscana ( Tuscany) regione, central Italy, northwest of Siena. As the ancient Velathri it was one of the 12 cities of the Etruscan confederation. It supported Rome during the Second Punic War in 205 BC, acquired Roman citizenship after the civil wars between Gaius Marius and Sulla (81–80 BC), and took the name Volaterrae. It became a free commune in the 12th century and fell under the domination of the Medici family of Florence in 1361.

Now noted primarily as an Etruscan and medieval art centre, Volterra has the remains of Etruscan walls enlarged in the 4th and 3rd centuries BC, two Etruscan-Roman gateways, and circular tombs from the 6th century BC with vaults of concentric rings supported by a central pillar. The Guarnacci Etruscan Museum contains a notable collection of Etruscan art, including more than 600 cinerary urns, and Volterra also has an art gallery and a museum of sacred art. Other important monuments include the Priori Palace (1208–57), the oldest communal palace in Tuscany; the fortress (1343; enlarged 1472); the 10th-century cathedral (restored and enlarged 13th and 16th centuries); the Baptistery (1283); and the 13th-century Pretorio Palace. Volterra was the birthplace of the Mannerist painter Daniele da Volterra.

Volterra's traditional industries are the extraction and artistic manufacture of alabaster and the preparation and drying of salt. Pop. (2006 est.) mun., 11,252.