city, south-central Bihar state, northeastern India. It lies along the Phalgu River, a tributary of the Ganges (Ganga) River (Ganges River). With major rail, road, and air connections, Gaya is a regional hub of commerce. The city lies near the junction of the Gangetic Plain (Indo-Gangetic Plain) and the Chota Nagpur plateau and is notoriously hot in summer. Gaya is a pilgrimage centre visited by about 300,000 Hindu pilgrims (pilgrimage) annually. There are 45 sacred places between Pretsil hill (north) and Bodh Gaya (south), but most are in Gaya itself. The main shrine is the Vishnu temple built by the Maratha princess Ahalya Bai in 1787. Others are the rocky, temple-covered hills of Ramsilla and Brahmajini, the latter identified with the Gayashirsa hill on which the Buddha preached. The town of Bodh Gaya, 6 miles (10 km) south of Gaya, is famous as the site of the Buddha's enlightenment.

Gaya has several libraries and several colleges affiliated with Magadh University. It was constituted a municipality in 1865. In the surrounding region, grains, oilseeds, and sugarcane are grown with the aid of irrigation from the Son, Punpun, Morhar, and Phalgu rivers and the Patna Canal system. Building stone and mica deposits are worked in the region. Pop. (2001) city, 385,432.