last king of the Přemyslid dynasty of Bohemia, king of Hungary from 1301 to 1304, and claimant to the Polish throne; his brief reign in Bohemia was cut short by his assassination, which also prevented him from asserting his right to Poland.

Wenceslas renounced his hereditary rights to Austria and his Hungarian crown before succeeding his father, King Wenceslas II, on the Bohemian throne in 1305. An intelligent and well-educated yet dissolute person, he determined to enforce his claim to Poland and was raising an army when he died at the hand of an unknown assassin. The male line of the Přemyslid dynasty, which had ruled Bohemia for nearly four centuries, died with him.