predynastic Egyptian (Egypt, ancient) cultural phase given the sequence dates 40–65 by Sir Flinders Petrie (Petrie, Sir Flinders) and later dated c. 3400–c. 3100 BCE. Evidence indicates that the Gerzean culture was a further development of the culture of the Amratian (Amratian culture) period, which immediately preceded the Gerzean. Centred primarily at Naqādah and Hierakonpolis in Upper Egypt, Gerzean culture was contemporary with that at Al-Maʿādī (Maʿādī, Al-) in the north and was characterized by a buff-coloured pottery with pictorial decorations in dark red paint; the use of a tubular drill with abrasive for stonecutting; pear-shaped mace heads; ripple-flaked flint knives; and an advanced metallurgy. Toward the end of the period, pictographic writing on pottery, slate palettes, and stone appeared, under kings employing pharaonic iconography. Contact with western Asia during this time may have inspired the building of mud-brick niched architecture, the use of cylinder seals (cylinder seal), and the adoption of certain ornamental motifs.