longtime head of the Romanian Communist Party, prime minister (1952–55), and president of Romania's State Council (1961–65).

Having become a revolutionary after World War I, Gheorghiu-Dej joined the then-outlawed Romanian Communist Party in 1930 and was sentenced to 12 years' hard labour for his role in the Grivița railwaymen's strike of 1933. Escaping prison in August 1944, he had established himself as secretary general—i.e., official head—of the party by the time of the antifascist coup of Aug. 23, 1944, which caused Romania to change sides and join the Allies against Germany. He became minister of communications in the first liberation cabinets (1944–46). Despite his relatively minor government position, he played an instrumental role in forcing Prime Minister Nicolae Rădescu (Rădescu, Nicolae) out of office and establishing a government dominated by communists and their political allies (March 1945). Between 1945 and 1965, Gheorghiu-Dej served first as secretary-general and then as first secretary of the Communist Party while simultaneously holding key posts in government economic planning. Strictly adhering to the goals of socialization laid down by Moscow, he promoted the development of industry in Romania.

In 1952, after purging the party of his rivals, who had been closely identified with Soviet (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) leaders and policies, Gheorghiu-Dej became prime minister. He gradually adopted economic and foreign policies that served Romania's national interests rather than those of international socialism as defined by the Soviet leaders. He resigned as prime minister in 1955 but assumed the equivalent position of president of the State Council in 1961. Following an even more determined independent course, he overcame the objections of the other Soviet-bloc countries, which wanted Romania's economy to remain primarily agricultural, and pursued a far-reaching program of industrialization. In the mid-1960s Gheorghiu-Dej also demonstrated Romania's independence from Soviet domination by forming cordial relations with noncommunist nations and with the People's Republic of China, which had become increasingly alienated from the Soviet Union. His reorientation of foreign policy was accompanied by a relaxation of internal repression, but there was no democratization of political life.