American maritime jurist, diplomat, and author of a standard work on international law.

After graduation from Rhode Island College (now Brown University) in 1802, Wheaton practiced law at Providence from 1806 to 1812. He moved to New York City in 1812 to become editor of the National Advocate. Two years later he was appointed a division judge advocate of the U.S. Army. In 1815 he published A Digest of the Law of Maritime Captures and Prizes. He served as a justice of the Marine Court (1815–19) and, in 1816, he was also appointed a reporter of the U.S. Supreme Court in Washington, D.C., where he was distinguished for the learnedness of his annotations. His diplomatic career began in 1827 with an appointment to Denmark, where he served as chargé d'affaires until 1835. He was also chargé d'affaires and then minister to Prussia from 1835 to 1846.

Wheaton's Elements of International Law (1836) was translated into many languages and became a standard work. Histoire du progrès du droit des gens en Europe (1841) was expanded and translated into English as History of the Law of Nations in Europe and America (1845). His History of the Northmen (1831) aroused European interest in Scandinavian history.